Example ⟳ +
An example collection, so you can see what this page does. Nothing added here is kept: leaving deletes it.
Aesculus turbinata; photograph (c) ITÔ, Hiroki, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) ITÔ, Hiroki, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-09-20

Aesculus turbinata Blume

Japanese horse-chestnut

Sapindaceae · Japan

Add one to my plants
Sow seed
Aesculus turbinata, photograph (c) ITÔ, Hiroki, some rights reserved (CC BY)Aesculus turbinata, photograph (c) Marco Mussita, some rights reserved (CC BY)Aesculus turbinata, photograph (c) Marco Mussita, some rights reserved (CC BY)Aesculus turbinata, photograph (c) Marco Mussita, some rights reserved (CC BY)Aesculus turbinata, photograph (c) 岸本年郎, some rights reserved (CC BY)Aesculus turbinata, photograph (c) Tim Park, some rights reserved (CC BY) 59 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-10.7°C
Record low -15.8 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
25°C
Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
2,184mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
14–34DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes March and May to October, read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Aesculus turbinata, common name Japanese horse-chestnut (tochinoki (トチノキ, 栃の木) or tochi (トチ, 栃, 橡)), is native to Japan but cultivated elsewhere. It is a tree up to 30 metres (98 feet) tall. Flowers are white to pale yellowish with red spots. Capsules are dark brown, obovoid to pyriform. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Aesculus turbinata", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Aesculus

The genus Aesculus is a genus of about 12 species of flowering plants in the family Sapindaceae. They are trees and shrubs, mostly native to the temperate Northern Hemisphere. The European and Asian species are known as horse-chestnut or horse chestnut, and the North American species as buckeye.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Aesculus", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (1,519 mm of 2,135 mm) falls in March and May to October, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 15.2 °C against a yearly mean of 9.8 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: November to April and September.

Rain

2,135 mm in the median year at the habitat, 1,519 mm of it March and May to October. Wettest month July at 276 mm, driest month December at 106 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,489 mm to 3,301 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 2,184 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 2,135 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 14 to 34 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 11, the highest 90th-percentile month 36).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -10.7 °C, the absolute minimum -15.8 °C, 5,790 frost nights in 44 years, 131.6 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 30.4 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -7.7 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -12.4 °C to -0.9 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 25.4 °C in August (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -10.7 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 59 to 68% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +213 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Aesculus turbinata through the yearWarmest month August, mean daily high 25 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low -7.7 °C; 2,135 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost30.4° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-15.8° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400500mm rainDLI 14–34RH 59–68%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 194 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C0 / -4–71 / -3–85 / 1–1112 / 8–1717 / 14–2121 / 17–2424 / 21–2725 / 23–2921 / 18–2516 / 12–209 / 5–153 / -1–10
Night °C-8 / -12–-1-7 / -11–-1-4 / -7–32 / -1–98 / 5–1313 / 10–1717 / 14–2118 / 15–2315 / 11–198 / 4–131 / -2–7-4 / -9–2
Rain mm110 / 48–279111 / 53–198147 / 91–220145 / 95–226173 / 122–261210 / 153–338276 / 169–423246 / 156–360272 / 205–372195 / 134–268144 / 82–291106 / 46–291
DLI16 / 13–1922 / 19–2427 / 26–3033 / 31–3534 / 32–3632 / 28–3530 / 27–3331 / 28–3324 / 22–2620 / 19–2316 / 13–1814 / 11–17
RH %62 / 55–6862 / 56–6760 / 57–6359 / 58–6161 / 59–6365 / 63–6868 / 65–7167 / 64–7066 / 63–6963 / 60–6662 / 58–6662 / 56–68
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 194 grid cells holding the 205 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1085:6379 (35.725, 138.975). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -15.8 °C, 1st-percentile night -10.7 °C, 99th-percentile day 30.4 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 194 distinct grid cells holding 205 of the 205 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1085:6379 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 35.50_138.750, lapse-corrected +213 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 945 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeJapan · introduced: Korea · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker36.464, 138.965 · in the densest population, 310 records (49% of those in range)
Kew's description“tree” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 628 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 205 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 546 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 14 km away. 61 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 423 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 628 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Aesculus turbinata, photograph 1did not loadAesculus turbinata, photograph 2did not loadAesculus turbinata, photograph 3did not loadAesculus turbinata, photograph 4did not loadAesculus turbinata, photograph 5did not loadAesculus turbinata, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) ITÔ, Hiroki, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Marco Mussita, some rights reserved (CC BY) (3); (c) 岸本年郎, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Tim Park, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Elliottia paniculata Elliottia paniculata Ericaceae Photo: CC BY, Timur KalininskyChengiopanax sciadophylloides Chengiopanax sciadophylloides Araliaceae Photo: CC BY, plant 0302Carex dolichostachya Carex dolichostachya Cyperaceae Photo: CC BY, chiuluanPanax japonicus Panax japonicus Japanese ginseng Photo: CC BY, plant 0302Hamamelis japonica Hamamelis japonica Japanese witch-hazel Photo: CC BY, Timur Kalininsky Cephalotaxus nana Cephalotaxaceae

Other Aesculus 16 in the reference

Aesculus assamica Aesculus assamica Assam Buckeye Photo: CC BY, Siddarth MachadoAesculus × bushii Aesculus × bushii Bush's chestnut Photo: CC BY, Samuel A Schmid, PhD, PWSAesculus californica Aesculus californica California buckeye Photo: CC0, author not statedAesculus chinensis Aesculus chinensis Chinese horse-chestnut Photo: CC BY, Jiao Sun (孙娇)Aesculus flava Aesculus flava Yellow buckeye Photo: CC BY, Sandy WolkenbergAesculus glabra Aesculus glabra Ohio buckeye Photo: CC0, author not statedAesculus hippocastanum Aesculus hippocastanum Horse-chestnut Photo: CC0, author not statedAesculus × hybrida Aesculus × hybrida Hybrid chestnut Photo: CC BY, Oleksandr ShynderAesculus indica Aesculus indica Indian horse-chestnut Photo: CC BY, Karen FryAesculus × mutabilis Aesculus × mutabilis Chestnut Photo: CC BY, Russell P. Rai Aesculus × neglecta Sunrise horse-chestnut Aesculus parryi Aesculus parryi Lower california buckeye Photo: CC BY, Sula Vanderplank all 17 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Aesculus dissimilis; Aesculus japonica; Aesculus turbinata f. pubescens; Aesculus turbinata var. pubescens; Pawia dissimilis and 1 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Sapindaceae
Described by
Blume
Native to
Japan
Wild records
628 in range · 546 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-21
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-21names fetched 2026-10-21
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 33 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (26 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 1 at a herbarium, 6 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-21
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-21NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 35.50_138.750, lapse-corrected +213 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-21
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-21
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-21
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 75 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…