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Antirrhinum tortuosum; photograph author not stated, no rights reserved CC0author not stated, no rights reserved · observed growing wild · 2026-08-13

Antirrhinum tortuosum Bosc ex Lam.

Greater snapdragon

Plantaginaceae · Spain, Sicilia +5

Cited as Kew's World Checklist cites it, Antirrhinum tortuosum Bosc ex Lam.: GBIF's backbone key for this page carries the name with another author, Bosc ex Vent.

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Antirrhinum tortuosum, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedAntirrhinum tortuosum, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedAntirrhinum tortuosum, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedAntirrhinum tortuosum, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedAntirrhinum tortuosum, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedAntirrhinum tortuosum, photograph author not stated, no rights reserved 69 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-0.9°C
Record low -3.8 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
29°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
653mm
9 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
14–49DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet winters: the rain comes October to February and April, read as a winter growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Antirrhinum tortuosum is a species of plant in the family Plantaginaceae. It is a herbaceous, perennial plant found naturally in the Western Mediterranean.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Antirrhinum tortuosum", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Antirrhinum

Antirrhinum is a genus of plants in the Plantaginaceae family, commonly known as dragon flowers or snapdragons because of the flowers' fancied resemblance to the face of a dragon that opens and closes its mouth when laterally squeezed. They are also sometimes called toadflax or dog flower. They are native to rocky areas of Europe, the United States, Canada, and North Africa. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Antirrhinum", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a winter growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (492 mm of 653 mm) falls in October to February and April, cooler than the year (wet-season mean 12.3 °C against a yearly mean of 16.4 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: April to August and October.

Rain

653 mm in the median year at the habitat, 492 mm of it October to February and April. Wettest month December at 113 mm, driest month July at 3 mm; 1 month under 5 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 469 mm to 1,034 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 653 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 653 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 14 to 49 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 12, the highest 90th-percentile month 51).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -0.9 °C, the absolute minimum -3.8 °C, 295 frost nights in 44 years, 6.7 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 39.7 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 4.4 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 0.0 °C to 10.9 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 29.2 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -0.9 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 52 to 60% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -228 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Antirrhinum tortuosum through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 29 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 4.4 °C; 653 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-10°0°10°20°30°40°50°frost39.7° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-3.8° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200mm rainDLI 14–49RH 52–60%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 225 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C12 / 9–1514 / 10–1616 / 13–1918 / 14–2221 / 18–2626 / 22–3029 / 25–3429 / 26–3325 / 22–3021 / 18–2517 / 13–1913 / 10–16
Night °C4 / 0–115 / 1–117 / 2–129 / 4–1412 / 8–1616 / 12–1919 / 15–2219 / 15–2317 / 12–2213 / 8–199 / 4–156 / 1–12
Rain mm87 / 36–16967 / 35–14556 / 32–9560 / 21–9544 / 8–6414 / 2–403 / 0–167 / 1–3237 / 5–6370 / 32–10295 / 50–150113 / 43–196
DLI17 / 14–1923 / 20–2531 / 29–3338 / 37–4143 / 41–4749 / 45–5049 / 46–5144 / 40–4635 / 31–3825 / 22–2918 / 15–2214 / 12–17
RH %60 / 57–6259 / 56–6257 / 54–6256 / 54–6255 / 52–6254 / 49–6352 / 45–6454 / 47–6556 / 51–6358 / 55–6259 / 56–6260 / 57–63
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 225 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (459 records in those cells; 3 more cells hold records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cells are left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 998:3432 (40.075, -8.375). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -3.8 °C, 1st-percentile night -0.9 °C, 99th-percentile day 39.7 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 225 distinct grid cells holding 459 of the 469 in-range records (3 further cells with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 998:3432 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 40.00_-8.125, lapse-corrected -228 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 197 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeSpain, Sicilia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Palestine · introduced: France, Sardegna, Albania, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia, Canary Is., Madeira, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Lebanon-Syria, Turkey · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker36.74, -5.163 · in the densest population, 268 records (49% of those in range)
Kew's description“subshrub” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 546 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 459 of them in the land cells it reads, of 469 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 152 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 27 km away. 414 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 77 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 546 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Antirrhinum tortuosum, photograph 1did not loadAntirrhinum tortuosum, photograph 2did not loadAntirrhinum tortuosum, photograph 3did not loadAntirrhinum tortuosum, photograph 4did not loadAntirrhinum tortuosum, photograph 5did not loadAntirrhinum tortuosum, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (6).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Salix pedicellata Salix pedicellata Salicaceae Photo: CC BY, Vítor JorgeCytisus arboreus Cytisus arboreus Spanish Tree Broom Photo: CC BY, Flavien SaboureauBiarum tenuifolium Biarum tenuifolium Narrow-leaved Biarum Photo: CC BY, Eleftherios KatsillisAthamanta sicula Athamanta sicula Apiaceae Photo: CC BY, Karim HaddadRhamnus oleoides Rhamnus oleoides Rhamnaceae Photo: CC BY, Juan RodríguezErodium maculatum Erodium maculatum Early Stork's-bill Photo: CC BY, Katrin Simon

Other Antirrhinum 13 in the reference

Antirrhinum australe Antirrhinum australe Plantaginaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedAntirrhinum barrelieri Antirrhinum barrelieri Plantaginaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Hans HillewaertAntirrhinum braun-blanquetii Antirrhinum braun-blanquetii Plantaginaceae Photo: CC BY, Sylvain MontagnerAntirrhinum charidemi Antirrhinum charidemi Plantaginaceae Photo: CC BY, Olivier ArgagnonAntirrhinum cirrhigerum Antirrhinum cirrhigerum Plantaginaceae Photo: CC BY, Hannes OberreiterAntirrhinum graniticum Antirrhinum graniticum Plantaginaceae Photo: CC BY, Gonzalo Ganda ÁlvarezAntirrhinum hispanicum Antirrhinum hispanicum Plantaginaceae Photo: CC BY, frangpAntirrhinum latifolium Antirrhinum latifolium Large Snapdragon Photo: CC BY, Daniel CahenAntirrhinum linkianum Antirrhinum linkianum Plantaginaceae Photo: CC0, citi2024Antirrhinum majus Antirrhinum majus Garden snapdragon Photo: CC BY, Oleksii VasyliukAntirrhinum pulverulentum Antirrhinum pulverulentum Plantaginaceae Photo: CC BY, Jorge ÍñiguezAntirrhinum sempervirens Antirrhinum sempervirens Plantaginaceae Photo: CC BY, Flavien Saboureau all 14 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Antirrhinum altissimum; Antirrhinum angustifolium; Antirrhinum capitatum; Antirrhinum compositum; Antirrhinum diminutum and 46 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Plantaginaceae
Described by
Bosc ex Lam.
Native to
Spain, Sicilia, Algeria +4
Wild records
546 in range · 152 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-21
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-21GBIF's key 8252253 is Antirrhinum tortuosum Bosc ex Vent.; the page links Kew's Antirrhinum tortuosum Bosc ex Lam., and the name is cited as Kew cites it
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-21names fetched 2026-10-21
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 170 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (129 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 41 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-21
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-21NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 40.00_-8.125, lapse-corrected -228 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-21
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-21
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-21
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 49 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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