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Apeiba tibourbou; photograph author not stated, no rights reserved CC0author not stated, no rights reserved · observed growing wild · 2026-08-22

Apeiba tibourbou Aubl.

Monkey's Comb

Malvaceae · Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast +25

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Apeiba tibourbou, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedApeiba tibourbou, photograph (c) Harrison Cole, some rights reserved (CC BY)Apeiba tibourbou, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedApeiba tibourbou, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedApeiba tibourbou, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedApeiba tibourbou, photograph (c) Cody Hinchliff, some rights reserved (CC BY) 97 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
19.5°C
Record low 16.8 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
30°C
Mar at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
2,827mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
29–36DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in the habitat's months, not shifted
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
A sharp rainy season, May to October (the habitat's months, not shifted), in a year of even temperature. rain rule, CHELSA
Not shifted: the shift rule does not apply to this habitat. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Apeiba tibourbou is a tree native to Caatinga and Cerrado vegetation in Brazil, and Costa Rica. It is used as an alternative fiber crop to make paper. It is found in Mexico, Central America, and the northern part of South America.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Apeiba tibourbou", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a sharp season: 70% of the median year's rain (2,022 mm of 2,837 mm) falls in May to October. The temperature curve is flat, 1.0 °C between the warmest and coldest month, so the growing-season rule does not infer a growing season from it. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere. The habitat lies within 10° of the equator, where the shift rule does not apply, so they are not shifted for a collection elsewhere.

Rain

2,837 mm in the median year at the habitat, 2,022 mm of it May to October. Wettest month September at 360 mm, driest month January at 73 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,716 mm to 4,554 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 2,827 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 2,837 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 29 to 36 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 22, the highest 90th-percentile month 42).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 19.5 °C, the absolute minimum 16.8 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 34.7 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 21.9 °C in January and December (across the grid cells of the range 17.8 °C to 23.9 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 29.5 °C in March (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 19.5 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 62 to 68% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -39 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Apeiba tibourbou through the yearWarmest month March, mean daily high 30 °C; coldest months January and December, mean nightly low 21.9 °C; 2,837 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.15°20°25°30°35°40°34.7° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER16.8° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0200400600800mm rainDLI 29–36RH 62–68%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 302 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C28 / 25–3229 / 26–3330 / 27–3229 / 27–3229 / 27–3228 / 26–3128 / 26–3129 / 26–3229 / 26–3128 / 26–3128 / 25–3028 / 25–30
Night °C22 / 18–2422 / 18–2422 / 19–2423 / 20–2523 / 20–2523 / 20–2422 / 19–2422 / 20–2423 / 20–2422 / 20–2422 / 19–2422 / 18–24
Rain mm73 / 16–29479 / 19–287106 / 21–315208 / 38–412329 / 85–551324 / 131–549331 / 102–541337 / 101–614360 / 74–622341 / 82–639214 / 83–472135 / 37–321
DLI33 / 23–3635 / 28–3836 / 30–4134 / 28–4230 / 26–4130 / 24–3732 / 25–3833 / 26–3831 / 27–3931 / 24–3829 / 24–3430 / 22–34
RH %64 / 55–7062 / 54–7062 / 56–7065 / 58–7168 / 59–7268 / 62–7367 / 59–7267 / 58–7268 / 61–7367 / 61–7367 / 61–7366 / 58–71

Records on both sides of the equator: the 48 cells at least 10° south of it have seasons six months apart and are left out, not combined into a year no place has. These figures are across the 302 cells that remain: the 84 at least 10° north and the 218 within 10° of the equator, which stay in either way.

How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 302 grid cells holding the 411 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1800:2076 (-0.025, -76.175). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 16.8 °C, 1st-percentile night 19.5 °C, 99th-percentile day 34.7 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 302 distinct grid cells holding 411 of the 459 in-range records on the northern side of the equator (84 cells poleward of 10° north, 48 poleward of 10° south: the two sides' seasons are not combined, and cells within 10° of the equator stay in); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1800:2076 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 0.00_-76.250, lapse-corrected -39 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 217 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeMexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Jamaica, Trinidad-Tobago, Windward Is., French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil West-Central, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil North · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker5.167, -72.478 · in the densest population, 353 records (27% of those in range)
Kew's description“tree” · “wet tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 1288 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 411 of them in the land cells it reads, of 459 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 1022 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 886 km away. 5 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 829 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 1288 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Apeiba tibourbou, photograph 1did not loadApeiba tibourbou, photograph 2did not loadApeiba tibourbou, photograph 3did not loadApeiba tibourbou, photograph 4did not loadApeiba tibourbou, photograph 5did not loadApeiba tibourbou, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (4); (c) Harrison Cole, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Cody Hinchliff, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Centrolobium yavizanum Centrolobium yavizanum Fabaceae Photo: CC BY, keesgroenendijkIsertia haenkeana Isertia haenkeana Firecracker plant Photo: CC BY, yongestationDimerandra emarginata Dimerandra emarginata Toothless Orchid Photo: CC BY, Martha Lucia Ortiz-MorenoHirtella racemosa Hirtella racemosa Chrysobalanaceae Photo: CC BY, Alexis López HernándezLuehea seemannii Luehea seemannii Malvaceae Photo: CC BY, Cy StavrosGeophila repens Geophila repens Corrida yerba de guava Photo: CC BY, Felipe Bryant

Other Apeiba 1 in the reference

Apeiba membranacea Apeiba membranacea Monkey's comb Photo: CC BY, reagan peschke

Names & registers

Also known as Apeiba cimbalaria; Apeiba hirsuta; Apeiba tibourbou var. tibourbou; Aubletia tibourbou; Aubletia tiburbu. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Malvaceae
Described by
Aubl.
Native to
Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf +24
Wild records
1288 in range · 1022 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-21
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-21names fetched 2026-10-21
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 12 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (6 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 2 at a herbarium, 4 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-21
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-21NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 0.00_-76.250, lapse-corrected -39 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-21
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-21
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-21
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 206 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

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