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Arisarum vulgare; photograph Barbarka7, CC BY-SA, via GBIF CC BY-SABarbarka7, CC BY-SA, via GBIF

Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz.

Common arisarum; Friar's-cowl; Larus

Araceae · Baleares, Corse +20

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Arisarum vulgare, photograph Damien CHAPPARD, CC BY-SA, via GBIFArisarum vulgare, photograph Rodas Thomas, CC BY-SA, via GBIFArisarum vulgare, photograph Mehdi Chetibi, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFArisarum vulgare, photograph Mehdi Chetibi, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFArisarum vulgare, photograph Richard Olivier, CC BY-SA, via GBIFArisarum vulgare, photograph Pietro Maiorana Montes, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIF 24 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
3.2°C
Record low -0.4 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
28°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
680mm
9 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
13–47DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet winters: the rain comes September to February, read as a winter growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Arisarum vulgare, common name the friar's cowl or larus, is an herbaceous, perennial, rhizomatous plant in the genus Arisarum belonging to the family Araceae.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Arisarum vulgare", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a winter growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (479 mm of 680 mm) falls in September to February, cooler than the year (wet-season mean 14.6 °C against a yearly mean of 16.9 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: March to August.

Rain

680 mm in the median year at the habitat, 479 mm of it September to February. Wettest month December at 98 mm, driest month July at 8 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 468 mm to 1,048 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 680 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 680 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 13 to 47 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 10, the highest 90th-percentile month 50).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 3.2 °C, the absolute minimum -0.4 °C, 7 frost nights in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 33.8 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 7.3 °C in January and February (across the grid cells of the range 3.5 °C to 10.7 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 27.9 °C in August (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 3.2 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 57 to 61% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -142 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Arisarum vulgare through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 28 °C; coldest months January and February, mean nightly low 7.3 °C; 680 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost33.8° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-0.4° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200mm rainDLI 13–47RH 57–61%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 981 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C12 / 10–1513 / 10–1615 / 12–1917 / 15–2221 / 18–2525 / 22–2928 / 24–3228 / 25–3225 / 22–2921 / 18–2517 / 14–2014 / 11–16
Night °C7 / 4–117 / 4–119 / 6–1211 / 8–1415 / 12–1718 / 15–2021 / 18–2322 / 19–2419 / 16–2216 / 12–1912 / 8–159 / 5–12
Rain mm75 / 48–15561 / 41–12055 / 35–8758 / 24–9242 / 9–7019 / 2–468 / 1–2219 / 1–3763 / 6–10287 / 31–13595 / 64–16098 / 60–154
DLI15 / 12–1921 / 18–2430 / 27–3338 / 34–4143 / 40–4747 / 43–5047 / 44–5041 / 38–4532 / 29–3823 / 19–2916 / 13–2113 / 10–17
RH %60 / 57–6359 / 57–6259 / 55–6158 / 54–6158 / 54–6357 / 52–6357 / 50–6358 / 52–6360 / 55–6261 / 57–6360 / 57–6360 / 57–63
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 981 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (1478 records in those cells; 49 more cells hold records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cells are left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 960:3775 (41.975, 8.775). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -0.4 °C, 1st-percentile night 3.2 °C, 99th-percentile day 33.8 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 981 distinct grid cells holding 1478 of the 1544 in-range records (49 further cells with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 960:3775 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 42.00_8.750, lapse-corrected -142 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 156 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeBaleares, Corse, France, Sardegna, Spain, Albania, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Sicilia, Yugoslavia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Transcaucasus, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker42.512, 8.898 · in the densest population, 919 records (57% of those in range)
Kew's description“tuberous geophyte” · “subtropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 1617 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 1478 of them in the land cells it reads, of 1544 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 951 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 30 km away. 59 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 73 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 1617 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Arisarum vulgare, photograph 1did not loadArisarum vulgare, photograph 2did not loadArisarum vulgare, photograph 3did not loadArisarum vulgare, photograph 4did not loadArisarum vulgare, photograph 5did not loadArisarum vulgare, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: Damien CHAPPARD, CC BY-SA, via GBIF; Rodas Thomas, CC BY-SA, via GBIF; Mehdi Chetibi, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF (2); Richard Olivier, CC BY-SA, via GBIF; Pietro Maiorana Montes, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIF.

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Ampelodesmos mauritanicus Ampelodesmos mauritanicus Mauritania vinereed Photo: CC BY, Ana GarciaVerbascum creticum Verbascum creticum Cretan Mullein Photo: CC0, author not statedLinaria triphylla Linaria triphylla Three-leaved Toadflax Photo: CC BY, Mehdi ChetibiOrnithogalum arabicum Ornithogalum arabicum Arabian starflower Photo: CC BY, Mehdi ChetibiAntirrhinum siculum Antirrhinum siculum Sicilian Snapdragon Photo: CC BY, CenaidaSporobolus pungens Sporobolus pungens Sand dropseed Photo: CC BY, WATANABE Hitoshi 渡辺仁

Other Arisarum 2 in the reference

Arisarum proboscideum Arisarum proboscideum Mousetail Plant Photo: CC BY, Leonardo AncillottoArisarum simorrhinum Arisarum simorrhinum Araceae Photo: CC BY, Lars Willighagen

Names & registers

Also known as Arisarum arisarum; Arisarum incurvatum; Arisarum serpentrium; Arisarum vulgare subsp. veslingii; Arum arisarum and 3 more. (GBIF Backbone)

Registers not checked Wikidata did not answer when this page was built, so the links it gives (POWO, IPNI, World Flora Online, Wikipedia) were not checked; any shown here are kept from an earlier build. Not asked, or not answered, is not "none": nothing here claims there is none. Why the site says it this way.
GBIFWikipedia

The record

Family
Araceae
Described by
O.Targ.Tozz.
Native to
Baleares, Corse, France +19
Wild records
1617 in range · 951 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-21
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-21names fetched 2026-10-21
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 36 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (27 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 9 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-21
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-21NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 42.00_8.750, lapse-corrected -142 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata failedasked 2026-10-21query.wikidata.org timeout (batched: Wikidata's query service, 200 GBIF keys)
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-21
iNaturalist taxon inat.taxon not asked
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild not asked
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-21
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 72 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…