Species
+

Artocarpus altilis (Parkinson) Fosberg

'ulu, Arbol de pan, Borka, Breadfruit

Climate known 50 photographs
Add one to my plants Sow seed

Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.

Summary

Breadfruit is a species of flowering tree in the mulberry and jackfruit family Moraceae. Its name is derived from the texture of the moderately ripe fruit when cooked, similar to freshly baked bread and having a potato-like flavor.

Text from Wikipedia, “Breadfruit”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.

About the genus · Artocarpus

Artocarpus is a genus of approximately 60 trees and shrubs of Southeast Asian and Pacific origin, belonging to the mulberry family, Moraceae. Most species of Artocarpus are restricted to Southeast Asia; a few cultivated species are more widely distributed, especially A. altilis (breadfruit) and A. heterophyllus (jackfruit), which are cultivated throughout the tropics.

Text from Wikipedia, “Artocarpus”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.

Family
Moraceae
Described by
(Parkinson) Fosberg
Native to
Caroline Is., Marianas
Wild records
44 in range· 15 open

At a glance

Warmest month
28°C
Jun, mean day; nights 26 °C (CHELSA)
Rain
2648mm/yr
12 wet months · peak Aug 410 mm (CHELSA)
Light
31–43DLI
mol/m²/day, winter to summer, open sky (CHELSA shortwave)
In short condensed by rule from the cultivation cards · not written by a person
Rain rule: a sharp rainy season, June to November at the habitat (not shifted); the temperature curve is flat (1.0 °C of range), so no growing season is inferred. Habitat rain 2648 mm a year, wettest August at 410 mm, driest March at 87 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere). Open sky over the habitat: 31 to 43 mol/m²/day. Cold floor 25.1 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).
Each sentence is one card's own one-line form, written by the same rule as the card (Its year, Rain, Light, Temperature); the note cannot say what a card does not. Months are given for the northern hemisphere (set your site in Settings to change this), and the habitat's own alongside. The cards · the figures.

Also known as Artocarpus altilis (Park.) Forst.; Artocarpus altilis var. non-seminifer (Duss) Fournet; Artocarpus altilis var. non-seminiferus (Duss) Fournet; Artocarpus altilis var. seminifer (Duss) Fournet; Artocarpus altilis var. seminiferus (Duss) Fournet and 41 more.

Cultivation

Its year Rain rule: a sharp rainy season, June to November at the habitat (not shifted); the temperature curve is flat (1.0 °C of range), so no growing season is inferred.

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads a sharp season: 70% of the year's rain (1883 mm of 2648 mm) falls in June to November. The temperature curve is flat, 1.0 °C between the warmest and coldest month, so the growing-season rule does not infer a growing season from it. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; with a flat temperature curve there is no season to reverse, so they are not shifted for a collection elsewhere.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain Habitat rain 2648 mm a year, wettest August at 410 mm, driest March at 87 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

2648 mm a year at the habitat, 1883 mm of it June to November. Wettest month August at 410 mm, driest March at 87 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 2127 mm to 5146 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light Open sky over the habitat: 31 to 43 mol/m²/day.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 31 to 43 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 29, the highest 90th-percentile month 44).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Warmth and air Cold floor 25.1 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is 25.1 °C, the absolute minimum 23.6 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 29.4 °C. Monthly means: coldest night 25.4 °C in February (across the envelope cells 24.9 °C to 26.0 °C), warmest day 27.8 °C in June (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: 25.1 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 65 to 67% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.

The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat climate through the yearMean day from 27 °C in Feb to 28 °C in Jun; mean night from 25 °C in Feb to 26 °C in May. The cold quarter, Jan to Mar, is the three months around the coldest night. 2648 mm of rain a year, most in Aug. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 32 habitat cells. Over 44 years at the typical cell the absolute minimum was 23.6 °C and the 99th-percentile day 29.4 °C; neither is dated to a month. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.20°25°30°35°29.4° 99th-percentile day (undated)23.6° lowest night in 44 yrs (undated)°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400500600mm rainDLI 31–43RH 65–67 %JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain 10th–90th percentile across 32 habitat cells cold quarter: the three months around the coldest night extremes over 44 years at the typical cell, marked at the edge: undated DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C27 / 26–2827 / 26–2827 / 26–2827 / 27–2828 / 27–2828 / 27–2828 / 27–2828 / 27–2828 / 27–2828 / 27–2828 / 27–2827 / 27–28
Night °C26 / 25–2625 / 25–2625 / 25–2626 / 26–2626 / 26–2626 / 26–2626 / 25–2626 / 25–2626 / 25–2626 / 26–2626 / 26–2626 / 26–26
Rain mm149 / 108–402127 / 89–30587 / 67–372104 / 77–493121 / 87–502223 / 129–473324 / 270–476410 / 356–452341 / 307–436327 / 296–433258 / 199–423177 / 137–438
DLI33 / 31–3336 / 35–3741 / 37–4243 / 36–4442 / 34–4439 / 32–4135 / 32–3834 / 33–3535 / 33–3633 / 32–3432 / 31–3231 / 29–31
RH %65 / 63–6765 / 62–6765 / 63–6766 / 64–6866 / 65–6967 / 65–6967 / 65–7067 / 65–7167 / 65–7067 / 65–7066 / 64–6966 / 64–68

Each figure is the median across the 32 grid cells holding the 41 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 1534:6493 (13.275, 144.675). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 23.6 °C, 1st-percentile night 25.1 °C, 99th-percentile day 29.4 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 32 distinct grid cells holding the 41 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1534:6493 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 13.50_144.375, lapse-corrected +80 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 82 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across every in-range record's cell, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeCaroline Is., Marianas· introduced: Gambia, The, Guinea, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Gulf of Guinea Is., Chagos Archipelago, Comoros, Seychelles, Hainan, Taiwan, Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Andaman Is., Laos, Nicobar Is., Vietnam, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera, New Guinea, Solomon Is., Fiji, Gilbert Is., Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Santa Cruz Is., Tokelau-Manihiki, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, Cook Is., Line Is., Marquesas, Pitcairn Is., Society Is., Tuamotu, Tubuai Is., Marshall Is., Hawaii, Mexico Southeast, Costa Rica, C. American Pacific Is., El Salvador, Honduras, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Is. AB Ant, Puerto Rico, Southwest Caribbean, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is., Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil West-Central, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil North
Kew's description“tree” · “wet tropical”· quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Map marker13.62, 144.87 · in the densest population, 24 records (55% of those in range)
Evidence usedThe map marker and the climate envelope rest on all 44 georeferenced records inside the native range; the map shows only the 15 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 15 km away. 1599 records outside the range (gardens, roadsides, misidentifications) ignored. 3 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km and stay on the map but off the climate.
The map markerthe map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 44 in-range records; it decides nothing.

Photographs

Artocarpus altilisArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus altilisArtocarpus altilis

Photographs: no rights reserved · CC0; (c) Sue Carnahan, some rights reserved (CC BY) (4); (c) Samuel Brown, some rights reserved (CC BY) (3).

Photographs: iNaturalist and Wikimedia Commons did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.

Papers naming this species

Works whose title or abstract names Artocarpus altilis, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and their antimicrobial activities: a review of recent literature
Chhangte Vanlalveni, Samuel Lallianrawna, Ayushi Biswas, Manickam Selvaraj (2021) · RSC Advances
Impact of plant domestication on rhizosphere microbiome assembly and functions
Juan E. Pérez‐Jaramillo, Rodrigo Mendes, Jos M. Raaijmakers (2015) · Plant Molecular Biology
Nature’s fight against plastic pollution: Algae for plastic biodegradation and bioplastics production
Wen Yi Chia, Doris Ying Ying Tang, Kuan Shiong Khoo, Andrew Ng Kay Lup (2020) · Environmental Science and Ecotechnology
Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus
Cheryl Lans (2006) · Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
From forest to field: Perennial fruit crop domestication
Allison J. Miller, Briana L. Gross (2011) · American Journal of Botany
Protein quality evaluation twenty years after the introduction of the protein digestibility corrected amino acid score method
Joyce I. Boye, Ramani Wijesinha‐Bettoni, Barbara Burlingame (2012) · British Journal Of Nutrition
Astonishing diversity—the medicinal plant markets of Bogotá, Colombia
Rainer W. Bussmann, Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Carolina Romero, Robbie Hart (2018) · Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
Old world fruit bats: an action plan for their conservation
Simon Mickleburgh, Anthony M. Hutson, Paul A. Racey (1992) · IUCN eBooks
Unlocking plant resources to support food security and promote sustainable agriculture
Tiziana Ulian, Mauricio Diazgranados, Samuel Pironon, S. Padulosi (2020) · Plants People Planet
In vitro studies on alpha amylase and alpha glucosidase inhibitory activities of selected plant extracts
Sindhu S Nair, Vaibhavi Kavrekar, Anshu Mishra (2013) · European Journal of Experimental Biology

Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.

Other Artocarpus 2 in the reference

History & registers

Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
wcvp.distribution answered
gbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.3h4zam
climate answered
wikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
wikipedia answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.taxon not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive)
inat.photos.wild answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
commons not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
gbif.media answered
openalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped

Every upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 133 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.