Example ⟳ +
An example collection, so you can see what this page does. Nothing added here is kept: leaving deletes it.
Blechnum novae-zelandiae; photograph B D from Vancouver area, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons CC BYB D from Vancouver area, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Blechnum novae-zelandiae T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant

Aspleniaceae · Chatham Is., Kermadec Is. +2

English names not checked: Wikidata's common names were not read for this page.

Add one to my plants
Sow seed
Blechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph Rudolph89, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia CommonsBlechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph MurielBendel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsBlechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph MurielBendel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsBlechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph MurielBendel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsBlechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph MurielBendel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsBlechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph Ewen Cameron, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons 12 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-1.0°C
Record low -4.2 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
18°C
Feb at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
2,130mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
9–39DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Parablechnum novae-zelandiae, synonym Blechnum novae-zelandiae, commonly known as palm-leaf fern or kiokio, is a species of fern found in New Zealand. It can often be found growing in clay soil on embankments and roadsides.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Parablechnum novae-zelandiae", CC BY-SA 4.0; its title is one of this species' older names (GBIF Backbone), which is the proof that the article is this species'.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (1,566 mm of 2,188 mm) takes 8 months, May to December. Mean temperature moves 8.6 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, southern hemisphere; shifted six months for a northern-hemisphere collection: November to June.

Rain

2,188 mm in the median year at the habitat, 1,566 mm of it May to December. Wettest month October at 208 mm, driest month February at 132 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,324 mm to 4,768 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 2,130 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 2,188 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, southern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 9 to 39 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 7, the highest 90th-percentile month 43).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -1.0 °C, the absolute minimum -4.2 °C, 498 frost nights in 44 years, 11.3 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 23.7 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 2.5 °C in July (across the grid cells of the range -2.8 °C to 7.3 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 17.5 °C in February (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -1.0 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 65 to 66% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -147 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, southern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Blechnum novae-zelandiae through the yearWarmest month February, mean daily high 18 °C; coldest month July, mean nightly low 2.5 °C; 2,188 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, southern hemisphere.-10°-5°0°5°10°15°20°25°frost23.7° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-4.2° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400500600mm rainDLI 9–39RH 65–66%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 914 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C17 / 14–2118 / 14–2116 / 13–1913 / 10–1711 / 7–158 / 4–138 / 3–129 / 4–1211 / 6–1412 / 8–1514 / 11–1716 / 13–19
Night °C11 / 7–1411 / 7–159 / 5–147 / 3–126 / 1–103 / -2–83 / -3–73 / -2–74 / -1–96 / 1–107 / 3–119 / 5–13
Rain mm167 / 85–436132 / 84–316155 / 98–413168 / 100–367186 / 120–393207 / 132–409204 / 127–320193 / 119–353198 / 110–421208 / 114–463174 / 99–402196 / 105–503
DLI39 / 36–4334 / 31–3726 / 23–3018 / 15–2112 / 9–159 / 7–1211 / 8–1316 / 13–1922 / 20–2630 / 27–3336 / 33–4039 / 36–43
RH %65 / 61–6865 / 62–6865 / 62–6966 / 62–6966 / 63–7166 / 63–7165 / 62–7066 / 62–7066 / 62–7066 / 62–7065 / 61–6965 / 61–69
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 914 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (1823 records in those cells; 1 more cell holds records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cell is left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 2720:6952 (-46.025, 167.625). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -4.2 °C, 1st-percentile night -1.0 °C, 99th-percentile day 23.7 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 914 distinct grid cells holding 1823 of the 1824 in-range records (1 further cell with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 2720:6952 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -46.00_167.500, lapse-corrected -147 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 198 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.

This species has no GBIF key of its own. Its records are GBIF's under the key of the name Kew's World Checklist holds as this plant: 9274960 (Parablechnum novae-zelandiae (T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant) Gasper & Salino, 2000 records). No name was matched to GBIF; the keys are read from Kew's synonymy. How.

NativeChatham Is., Kermadec Is., New Zealand North, New Zealand South · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker-43.232, 170.167 · in the densest population, 1179 records (61% of those in range)
Kew's description“subtropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 1926 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 1823 of them in the land cells it reads, of 1824 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 190 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 885 km away. 102 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
Other GBIF keysRecords also from GBIF's key 9274960 (Parablechnum novae-zelandiae (T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant) Gasper & Salino): Kew's file holds it as Parablechnum novae-zelandiae (T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant) Gasper & Salino (synonym under Blechnum novae-zelandiae T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant); 2,000 records, from GBIF's download.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 2° block of the 1926 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Blechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph 1did not loadBlechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph 2did not loadBlechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph 3did not loadBlechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph 4did not loadBlechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph 5did not loadBlechnum novae-zelandiae, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: Rudolph89, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons; MurielBendel, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (4); Ewen Cameron, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Astelia fragrans Astelia fragrans Bush Flax Photo: CC BY, nick_goldwater Blechnum discolor Aspleniaceae Neomyrtus pedunculata Neomyrtus pedunculata Myrtaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedElaeocarpus hookerianus Elaeocarpus hookerianus Elaeocarpaceae Photo: CC BY, nick_goldwaterPseudopanax crassifolius Pseudopanax crassifolius Lancewood Photo: CC0, author not statedCarex uncinata Carex uncinata Cyperaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Christopher Stephens

Other Blechnum 52 in the reference

Blechnum appendiculatum Blechnum appendiculatum Palm fern Photo: CC0, author not stated Blechnum attenuatum Aspleniaceae Blechnum auratum Aspleniaceae Blechnum australe Blechnum australe Southern Deer Fern Photo: CC BY, EliasBlechnum brasiliense Blechnum brasiliense Aspleniaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Valérie75 Blechnum capense Aspleniaceae Blechnum cartilagineum Blechnum cartilagineum Aspleniaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Mark MarathonBlechnum chambersii Blechnum chambersii Aspleniaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Rudolph89Blechnum chilense Blechnum chilense Aspleniaceae Photo: CC BY, Krzysztof Ziarnek, KenraizBlechnum colensoi Blechnum colensoi Aspleniaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Rudolph89Blechnum cordatum Blechnum cordatum Aspleniaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Len Worthington Blechnum cyatheoides Aspleniaceae all 53 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Parablechnum novae-zelandiae. (WCVP, RBG Kew)

IPNIPOWOWikidataWFOWikipedia

The record

Family
Aspleniaceae
Described by
T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant
Native to
Chatham Is., Kermadec Is., New Zealand North +1
Wild records
1926 in range · 190 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
Kew's names (WCVP) kew.names answeredas of 2026-06-04Kew's entry Blechnum novae-zelandiae T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant (plant_name_id 3176084), read from Kew's names file
GBIF species record gbif.species not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21this species has no GBIF key of its own; its records are read under GBIF's keys for the names Kew's file holds as this plant, never by a name matched; GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 2000 records of GBIF's key 9274960, Parablechnum novae-zelandiae (T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant) Gasper & Salino (Kew's file holds it as Parablechnum novae-zelandiae (T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant) Gasper & Salino (synonym under Blechnum novae-zelandiae T.C.Chambers & P.A.Farrant)): the GBIF download; 19 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (14 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 4 at a herbarium, 1 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -46.00_167.500, lapse-corrected -147 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22found by Kew's IPNI identifier 17570940-1, POWO 17570940-1
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild not asked
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
Wikimedia Commons commons answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 13 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…