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Boerhavia diffusa; photograph author not stated, no rights reserved CC0author not stated, no rights reserved · observed growing wild · 2026-09-21

Boerhavia diffusa L.

Red spiderling; Spreading hogweed; Red hogweed; Wineflower

Nyctaginaceae · Spain, Egypt +130

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Boerhavia diffusa, photograph (c) Rebecca Ryen-Stols, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)Boerhavia diffusa, photograph (c) Rebecca Ryen-Stols, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)Boerhavia diffusa, photograph (c) Rebecca Ryen-Stols, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)Boerhavia diffusa, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedBoerhavia diffusa, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedBoerhavia diffusa, photograph (c) Dutza K., some rights reserved (CC BY) 98 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
11.9°C
Record low 8.6 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
30°C
May, Jun, Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,329mm
10 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
27–40DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes May to September, read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Boerhavia diffusa is a species of flowering plant in the four o'clock family, called red spiderling, spreading hogweed, or tarvine. It is taken in herbal medicine for pain relief and other uses. The leaves of Boerhavia diffusa are often used as a green vegetable in many parts of India.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Boerhavia diffusa", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (845 mm of 1,156 mm) falls in May to September, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 27.0 °C against a yearly mean of 24.8 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: November to March.

Rain

1,156 mm in the median year at the habitat, 845 mm of it May to September. Wettest month August at 200 mm, driest months (2 at 20 mm). Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 501 mm to 2,103 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,329 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,156 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 27 to 40 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 19, the highest 90th-percentile month 47).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 11.9 °C, the absolute minimum 8.6 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 36.9 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 16.1 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 8.9 °C to 23.3 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 30.0 °C in May (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 11.9 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 58 to 65% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -37 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Boerhavia diffusa through the yearWarmest months May, June, July and August, mean daily high 30 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 16.1 °C; 1,156 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.5°10°15°20°25°30°35°40°36.9° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER8.6° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400mm rainDLI 27–40RH 58–65%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 457 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C24 / 19–3326 / 20–3428 / 23–3529 / 25–3730 / 27–3930 / 28–3630 / 27–3330 / 27–3229 / 27–3228 / 26–3327 / 23–3225 / 20–32
Night °C16 / 9–2317 / 11–2419 / 14–2522 / 16–2624 / 20–2724 / 22–2724 / 21–2624 / 21–2624 / 21–2622 / 19–2520 / 14–2417 / 10–23
Rain mm20 / 2–8731 / 2–8753 / 3–11766 / 4–146101 / 10–216177 / 28–372186 / 43–371200 / 51–391181 / 47–28886 / 16–21235 / 5–14820 / 2–87
DLI30 / 21–3734 / 25–4136 / 32–4340 / 33–4640 / 31–4736 / 28–4336 / 25–4134 / 25–3932 / 29–3831 / 27–3830 / 22–3827 / 19–37
RH %58 / 47–6458 / 44–6558 / 42–6558 / 43–6660 / 45–6763 / 53–6864 / 58–6965 / 58–6964 / 57–6861 / 52–6759 / 47–6659 / 47–64

Records on both sides of the equator: the 110 cells at least 10° south of it have seasons six months apart and are left out, not combined into a year no place has. These figures are across the 457 cells that remain: the 355 at least 10° north and the 102 within 10° of the equator, which stay in either way.

How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 457 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (627 records in those cells; 17 more cells hold records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cells are left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1469:1720 (16.525, -93.975). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 8.6 °C, 1st-percentile night 11.9 °C, 99th-percentile day 36.9 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 457 distinct grid cells holding 627 of the 769 in-range records (17 further cells with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out) on the northern side of the equator (355 cells poleward of 10° north, 110 poleward of 10° south: the two sides' seasons are not combined, and cells within 10° of the equator stay in); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1469:1720 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 16.50_-93.750, lapse-corrected -37 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 676 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeSpain, Egypt, Cape Verde, Benin, Burkina, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Niger, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Burundi, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Gulf of Guinea Is., Rwanda, Zaïre, Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Socotra, Somalia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Cape Provinces, Namibia, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland, Northern Provinces, Aldabra, Comoros, Mozambique Channel Is., Afghanistan, Iran, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Gulf States, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, China South-Central, Hainan, China Southeast, Japan, Kazan-retto, Nansei-shoto, Ogasawara-shoto, Assam, Bangladesh, India, Laccadive Is., Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, South China Sea, Thailand, Vietnam, Cocos (Keeling) I., Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Christmas I., Solomon Is., Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Southwest, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Bahamas, Cayman Is., Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Is. AB Ant, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Southwest Caribbean, Turks-Caicos Is., Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is., French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil West-Central, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil South, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Chile Central, Chile North, Desventurados Is., Paraguay, Uruguay · introduced: Angola, Mauritius, Andaman Is., Nicobar Is., Niue, Alabama, Nicaragua, Brazil North · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker23, 120.216 · in the densest population, 179 records (13% of those in range)
Kew's description“annual or subshrub” · “seasonally dry tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 1343 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 627 of them in the land cells it reads, of 769 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 797 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 12541 km away. 305 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 574 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 1343 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Boerhavia diffusa, photograph 1did not loadBoerhavia diffusa, photograph 2did not loadBoerhavia diffusa, photograph 3did not loadBoerhavia diffusa, photograph 4did not loadBoerhavia diffusa, photograph 5did not loadBoerhavia diffusa, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) Rebecca Ryen-Stols, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA) (3); author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (2); (c) Dutza K., some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Kallstroemia maxima Kallstroemia maxima Big caltrop Photo: CC BY, Scott Allen DavisXimenia americana Ximenia americana Tallowwood Photo: CC BY-SA, Dave UHeliotropium angiospermum Heliotropium angiospermum Scorpion's-tail Photo: CC BY, Luis Ángel Niño BarreatDicliptera sexangularis Dicliptera sexangularis Sixangle foldwing Photo: CC BY, Neptalí Ramírez MarcialPisonia aculeata Pisonia aculeata Pullback Photo: CC BY, Alexis López HernándezSavia sessiliflora Savia sessiliflora Amansa guapo Photo: CC BY-SA, Kurt Miller

Other Boerhavia 5 in the reference

Boerhavia coccinea Boerhavia coccinea Scarlet spiderling Photo: CC BY, RenBoerhavia erecta Boerhavia erecta Erect spiderling Photo: CC BY, Sam KieschnickBoerhavia repens Boerhavia repens Anena Photo: CC BY, Neal KelsoBoerhavia triquetra Boerhavia triquetra Creeping sticky-stem Photo: CC BY, Mark Pollock Boerhavia xanti Nyctaginaceae

Names & registers

Also known as Axia cochinchinensis; Boerhavia caespitosa; Boerhavia coccinea var. paniculata; Boerhavia decumbens; Boerhavia diffusa f. subhirsuta and 17 more. (GBIF Backbone)

Kew accepts as species of their own Boerhavia procumbens: older names in GBIF's record of this species that Kew's World Checklist accepts as other species. (WCVP, RBG Kew, file of 2026-06-04)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Nyctaginaceae
Described by
L.
Native to
Spain, Egypt, Cape Verde +129
Wild records
1343 in range · 797 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-21
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-21names fetched 2026-10-21
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 36 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (23 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 10 at a herbarium, 3 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-21
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-21NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 16.50_-93.750, lapse-corrected -37 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-21
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-21
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-21
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 202 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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