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About the genus · Campanula
Campanula is the type genus of the Campanulaceae family of flowering plants. Campanula are commonly known as bellflowers and take both their common and scientific names from the bell-shaped flowers—campanula is Latin for "little bell".
Quoted from Wikipedia, "Campanula", CC BY-SA 4.0.
Cultivation
Seasons
The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (547 mm of 749 mm) takes 8 months, November to June. Mean temperature moves 19.4 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: May to December.
Rain
749 mm in the median year at the habitat, 547 mm of it November to June. Wettest month December at 94 mm, driest month September at 43 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 574 mm to 1,186 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 759 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 749 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.
Light
Open sky over the habitat: 10 to 42 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 8, the highest 90th-percentile month 44).
Warmth and air
Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -5.6 °C in February (across the grid cells of the range -7.2 °C to 1.3 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 23.0 °C in July and August (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: none read. The nearest figure is -5.6 °C, the coldest month's mean nightly low, February, in the median year (CHELSA); a month's mean of its nightly lows is warmer than the nights a floor is read from. The daily extremes were read at a weather cell whose ground is too far above or below the typical spot to correct for, and are not used.
Relative humidity at the habitat: 54 to 62% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.
How this section is made
Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.
Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.
Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.
Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.
Temperature. CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. No cold floor is read without a daily extremes series; the coldest month's mean nightly low named in its sentence is not one. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.
Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.
Climate across the habitat
Habitat months, northern hemisphere
Mean daily high from 3 °C in Jan to 23 °C in Jul and Aug; mean nightly low from -6 °C in Feb to 13 °C in Jul and Aug. The cold quarter, Jan to Mar, is the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low. 749 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added), the wettest month Dec. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 19 habitat cells. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.
Figures by month
| Figure | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day °C | 3 / 0–7 | 4 / 0–8 | 7 / 3–12 | 12 / 8–17 | 17 / 12–22 | 21 / 16–26 | 23 / 18–29 | 23 / 18–29 | 19 / 15–24 | 14 / 10–18 | 8 / 5–12 | 4 / 1–8 |
| Night °C | -5 / -7–1 | -6 / -7–1 | -3 / -4–4 | 2 / -1–8 | 7 / 4–13 | 11 / 8–17 | 13 / 10–20 | 13 / 10–20 | 9 / 7–16 | 5 / 3–11 | 0 / -2–6 | -4 / -6–2 |
| Rain mm | 61 / 47–83 | 59 / 49–83 | 62 / 47–88 | 58 / 46–89 | 67 / 50–109 | 70 / 44–102 | 57 / 33–91 | 46 / 30–77 | 43 / 33–79 | 56 / 46–128 | 76 / 62–125 | 94 / 80–125 |
| DLI | 12 / 10–14 | 18 / 15–19 | 25 / 23–26 | 33 / 31–34 | 37 / 36–39 | 42 / 40–44 | 42 / 40–44 | 37 / 36–39 | 28 / 27–30 | 19 / 18–21 | 13 / 11–14 | 10 / 8–11 |
| RH % | 60 / 59–63 | 61 / 58–63 | 60 / 58–62 | 58 / 57–60 | 58 / 56–60 | 56 / 54–59 | 54 / 53–58 | 54 / 53–58 | 57 / 55–60 | 59 / 58–62 | 61 / 59–63 | 62 / 61–65 |
The daily extremes were not used: the correction for elevation, +1105 m, is beyond the 1,000 m either way that a lapse rate is applied over, so the weather cell's ground is other terrain than the typical spot's. So no cold floor is read for this species, and the coldest month's mean nightly low is not taken as one. What that cell gave, so corrected, over 44 years: absolute minimum -19.8 °C, 1st-percentile night -11.3 °C.
How this section is made
Natural habitat
How this section is made
Photographs
Photographs: (c) Vasileia Sef, some rights reserved (CC BY) (5); Gerhard Buzas, CC BY-SA, via GBIF.
Related
Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.
Haberlea rhodopensis Gesneriaceae Photo: CC0, author not stated
Sempervivum ciliosum Teneriffe houseleek Photo: CC BY, Sokratis
Centaurea pindicola Asteraceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Rossen Vassilev
Achillea ageratifolia Asteraceae Photo: CC BY, David Jackson
Scilla subnivalis Asparagaceae Photo: CC BY, Kostas ZontanosOther Campanula 129 in the reference
Campanula ajugifolia Campanulaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Serdar Ölez
Campanula alaskana Alaskan bellflower Photo: CC BY, scottj800
Campanula alata Campanulaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Michael Wolf (Webseite)
Campanula alliariifolia Cornish bellflower Photo: CC0, author not stated
Campanula alpestris Large-flowered Bellflower Photo: CC BY, Antoine Thivolle
Campanula alpina Alpine Bellflower Photo: CC0, author not stated
Campanula andrewsii Campanulaceae Photo: CC BY, Bob
Campanula armena Campanulaceae Photo: CC BY, Andre Hosper
Campanula arvatica Orviedo Bellflower Photo: CC BY-SA, Jan Vršovský
Campanula asperuloides Bellflower Photo: CC BY-SA, Ghislain118 (AD)…
Campanula autraniana Autran's Campanula Photo: CC BY, Илья Руденко
Campanula barbata Bearded bellflower Photo: CC BY, Antoine Thivolle all 130 ›Names & registers
Also known as Campanula chalcidica; Campanula jacquinii subsp. rumeliana; Campanula rumeliana subsp. chalcidica; Campanula rumeliana subsp. rumeliana; Diosphaera chalcidica and 11 more. (GBIF Backbone)
The record
Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →
Where this page came from built 2026-10-21
gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-21gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-21gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-21names fetched 2026-10-21wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 5 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (5 at a botanic garden or arboretum; Wikidata's list)climate answeredasked 2026-10-21climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-21NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 40.00_22.500, lapse-corrected +1105 m at 6.5 °C/km; read, and set aside: the correction for elevation, +1105 m, is beyond the 1,000 m either way that a lapse rate is applied over, so the weather cell's ground is other terrain than the typical spot's, so no cold floor is shownwikidata answeredasked 2026-10-21wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-21inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22inat.photos.cultivated not askedgbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-21commons nothing to reportasked 2026-10-21openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshotEvery source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 16 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.