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Campanulastrum americanum; photograph (c) Cecil Smith, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) Cecil Smith, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-08-29

Campanulastrum americanum (L.) Small

American bellflower; Tall bellflower

Campanulaceae · Ontario, Québec +29

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Campanulastrum americanum, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCampanulastrum americanum, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCampanulastrum americanum, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCampanulastrum americanum, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCampanulastrum americanum, photograph (c) Lexi Destria, some rights reserved (CC BY)Campanulastrum americanum, photograph (c) Lexi Destria, some rights reserved (CC BY) 83 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-17.0°C
Record low -31.8 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
29°C
Jul at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,061mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
11–41DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Campanula americana, the American bellflower, or tall bellflower, is an herbaceous wildflower and a member of the Campanulaceae family. Common binomial synonyms are Campanulastrum americana and Campanulastrum americanum. American bellflowers are native to the Eastern United States and Canada, often found growing along stream banks and woods. They bloom in the summer months with light blue to purple flowers. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Campanula americana", CC BY-SA 4.0; its title is one of this species' older names (GBIF Backbone), which is the proof that the article is this species'.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (798 mm of 1,065 mm) takes 8 months, April to November. Mean temperature moves 25.9 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: October to May.

Rain

1,065 mm in the median year at the habitat, 798 mm of it April to November. Wettest month May at 121 mm, driest month February at 58 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 873 mm to 1,366 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,061 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,065 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 11 to 41 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 10, the highest 90th-percentile month 42).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -17.0 °C, the absolute minimum -31.8 °C, 5,263 frost nights in 44 years, 119.6 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 39.9 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -5.8 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -11.0 °C to -1.3 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 28.6 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -17.0 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 55 to 61% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -38 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Campanulastrum americanum through the yearWarmest month July, mean daily high 29 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low -5.8 °C; 1,065 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-40°-20°0°20°40°60°frost39.9° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-31.8° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0255075100125150mm rainDLI 11–41RH 55–61%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 1275 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C2 / -2–85 / 0–1011 / 6–1517 / 14–2022 / 20–2527 / 25–2929 / 27–3128 / 26–3124 / 22–2718 / 15–2111 / 7–144 / -1–8
Night °C-6 / -11–-1-4 / -9–10 / -3–56 / 3–1012 / 10–1517 / 15–1919 / 18–2219 / 17–2115 / 13–179 / 6–113 / 0–6-3 / -8–0
Rain mm60 / 23–11658 / 26–11876 / 50–12498 / 79–120121 / 97–145115 / 100–138111 / 96–12999 / 82–12190 / 76–11480 / 65–9884 / 50–11473 / 31–125
DLI13 / 12–1619 / 18–2126 / 25–2833 / 32–3437 / 37–3841 / 39–4240 / 38–4236 / 34–3729 / 27–3121 / 19–2414 / 12–1711 / 10–14
RH %60 / 58–6459 / 57–6257 / 56–5855 / 54–5757 / 55–5958 / 57–6058 / 57–6159 / 57–6158 / 56–6057 / 56–5959 / 57–6061 / 59–63
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 1275 grid cells holding the 1705 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1010:1666 (39.475, -96.675). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -31.8 °C, 1st-percentile night -17.0 °C, 99th-percentile day 39.9 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 1275 distinct grid cells holding 1705 of the 1705 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1010:1666 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 39.50_-96.875, lapse-corrected -38 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 358 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeOntario, Québec, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker42.065, -88.3 · in the densest population, 1346 records (72% of those in range)
Kew's description“annual or biennial” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 1872 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 1705 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 356 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 301 km away. 4 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 167 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 1872 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Campanulastrum americanum, photograph 1did not loadCampanulastrum americanum, photograph 2did not loadCampanulastrum americanum, photograph 3did not loadCampanulastrum americanum, photograph 4did not loadCampanulastrum americanum, photograph 5did not loadCampanulastrum americanum, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (4); (c) Lexi Destria, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Symphyotrichum shortii Symphyotrichum shortii Short's aster Photo: CC BY, Evan HSanicula odorata Sanicula odorata Clustered black-snakeroot Photo: CC0, author not statedSilene regia Silene regia Royal catchfly Photo: CC BY, Daniel S. KatzEuphorbia corollata Euphorbia corollata Flowering spurge Photo: CC BY-SA, Douglas GoldmanHydrophyllum appendiculatum Hydrophyllum appendiculatum Appendaged waterleaf Photo: CC0, author not statedStachys tenuifolia Stachys tenuifolia Smooth hedge-nettle Photo: CC0, author not stated

Names & registers

Also known as Campanula acuminata; Campanula americana; Campanula americana f. albiflora; Campanula americana f. americana; Campanula americana f. tubuliflora and 15 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Campanulaceae
Described by
(L.) Small
Native to
Ontario, Québec, Illinois +28
Wild records
1872 in range · 356 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-21
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-21names fetched 2026-10-21
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 66 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (53 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 13 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-21
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-21NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 39.50_-96.875, lapse-corrected -38 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-21
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-21Wikipedia redirects Campanulastrum americanum to Campanula americana, an older name of this species (Campanula americana)
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-21
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 32 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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