Carthamus tinctorius L.

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads a winter growing season: 70% of the year's rain (284 mm of 370 mm) falls in November to April, cooler than the year (wet-season mean 5.9 °C against a yearly mean of 13.7 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: May to October.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

370 mm a year at the habitat, 284 mm of it November to April. Wettest month March at 56 mm, driest August at 3 mm; 2 months under 5 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 200 mm to 730 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 16 to 50 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 12, the highest 90th-percentile month 52).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is -10.7 °C, the absolute minimum -20.1 °C, about 102 frost nights a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 36.0 °C. Monthly means: coldest night -3.7 °C in January (across the envelope cells -8.1 °C to 3.6 °C), warmest day 32.3 °C in July (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: -10.7 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Relative humidity at the habitat: 46 to 59% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.