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Castilleja septentrionalis; photograph (c) Dan Vickers, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) Dan Vickers, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-08-18

Castilleja septentrionalis Lindl.

Northeastern paintbrush; Sulphur paintbrush; Labrador Indian paintbrush; Northern painted-cup

Orobanchaceae · Nunavut, Northwest Territories +19

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Castilleja septentrionalis, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCastilleja septentrionalis, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCastilleja septentrionalis, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCastilleja septentrionalis, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCastilleja septentrionalis, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCastilleja septentrionalis, photograph (c) Bob Walker, some rights reserved (CC BY) 67 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-27.8°C
Record low -42.5 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
21°C
Jul at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
774mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
14–49DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Castilleja septentrionalis is a species of Indian paintbrush known by several common names, including northern paintbrush, sulfur paintbrush, and pale painted cup. There is taxonomic disagreement as to if it is one species widely distributed in mountain and alpine environments of North America or if there is a second species, Castilleja sulphurea, in the Rocky Mountains.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Castilleja septentrionalis", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (565 mm of 777 mm) takes 8 months, March to October. Mean temperature moves 24.3 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: September to April.

Rain

777 mm in the median year at the habitat, 565 mm of it March to October. Wettest month July at 80 mm, driest month February at 47 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 525 mm to 1,218 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 774 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 777 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 14 to 49 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 5, the highest 90th-percentile month 52).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -27.8 °C, the absolute minimum -42.5 °C, 11,495 frost nights in 44 years, 261.3 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 26.5 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -15.2 °C in December (across the grid cells of the range -19.0 °C to -9.7 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 20.9 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -27.8 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 50 to 59% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +594 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Castilleja septentrionalis through the yearWarmest month July, mean daily high 21 °C; coldest month December, mean nightly low -15.2 °C; 777 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-60°-40°-20°0°20°40°frost26.5° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-42.5° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0255075100125150mm rainDLI 14–49RH 50–59%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 676 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C-4 / -11–0-3 / -9–10 / -3–55 / 1–1010 / 6–1617 / 13–2221 / 17–2520 / 16–2416 / 12–198 / 4–120 / -3–5-4 / -9–-1
Night °C-15 / -20–-10-14 / -19–-10-11 / -15–-6-7 / -10–-2-2 / -5–33 / -1–97 / 3–137 / 3–133 / -1–8-3 / -7–2-11 / -15–-5-15 / -19–-10
Rain mm50 / 20–9847 / 21–9561 / 31–10569 / 37–10676 / 46–11264 / 41–11080 / 46–12579 / 47–13172 / 43–11664 / 39–10559 / 26–10156 / 23–112
DLI17 / 8–2124 / 14–2733 / 23–3641 / 32–4547 / 37–4949 / 38–5247 / 36–4941 / 31–4435 / 22–3726 / 13–2918 / 7–2214 / 5–18
RH %58 / 54–6758 / 54–6556 / 54–6354 / 52–6053 / 49–5950 / 44–6051 / 44–6152 / 45–6151 / 48–6153 / 50–6256 / 52–6559 / 54–68
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 676 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (1127 records in those cells; 1 more cell holds records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cell is left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 973:1475 (41.325, -106.225). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -42.5 °C, 1st-percentile night -27.8 °C, 99th-percentile day 26.5 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 676 distinct grid cells holding 1127 of the 1128 in-range records (1 further cell with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 973:1475 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 41.50_-106.250, lapse-corrected +594 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 3035 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeNunavut, Northwest Territories, Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Ontario, Québec, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Minnesota, South Dakota, Maine, Michigan, New Hampshire, Vermont, Utah, New Mexico · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker39.296, -106.654 · in the densest population, 621 records (36% of those in range)
Kew's description“perennial” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 1745 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 1127 of them in the land cells it reads, of 1128 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 901 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 22 km away. 12 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 617 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 1745 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Castilleja septentrionalis, photograph 1did not loadCastilleja septentrionalis, photograph 2did not loadCastilleja septentrionalis, photograph 3did not loadCastilleja septentrionalis, photograph 4did not loadCastilleja septentrionalis, photograph 5did not loadCastilleja septentrionalis, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (5); (c) Bob Walker, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Boechera angustifolia Boechera angustifolia Brassicaceae Photo: Public domain, author not statedAquilegia coerulea Aquilegia coerulea Rocky Mountain columbine Photo: CC BY, Owen StricklandCardamine cordifolia Cardamine cordifolia Heart-leaf bittercress Photo: CC BY, Martin PurdySenecio bigelovii Senecio bigelovii Nodding ragwort Photo: CC0, author not statedMertensia ciliata Mertensia ciliata Mountain bluebells Photo: CC BY, Daughter DadGentianopsis thermalis Gentianopsis thermalis Rocky Mountain fringed-gentian Photo: CC BY, Daughter Dad

Other Castilleja 26 in the reference

Castilleja affinis Castilleja affinis Coast Indian paintbrush Photo: CC BY, Mary JantschCastilleja applegatei Castilleja applegatei Wavy-leaf paintbrush Photo: CC0, author not statedCastilleja arvensis Castilleja arvensis Field Indian paintbrush Photo: CC BY, Brynn FrickeCastilleja attenuata Castilleja attenuata Valley tassels Photo: CC0, author not statedCastilleja chromosa Castilleja chromosa Desert Indian Paintbrush Photo: CC BY, Parker James LloydCastilleja coccinea Castilleja coccinea Eastern paintbrush Photo: CC0, author not statedCastilleja densiflora Castilleja densiflora Dense-flower Indian paintbrush Photo: CC0, author not statedCastilleja exserta Castilleja exserta Purple owl-clover Photo: CC0, author not statedCastilleja foliolosa Castilleja foliolosa Woolly Indian paintbrush Photo: CC BY, LJ Moore-McClellandCastilleja hispida Castilleja hispida Bristly paintbrush Photo: CC BY, Daughter DadCastilleja hololeuca Castilleja hololeuca Island paintbrush Photo: CC BY, Devon BradleyCastilleja indivisa Castilleja indivisa Texas paintbrush Photo: CC BY, Linda Jo Conn all 27 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Castilleja brunnescens; Castilleja luteovirens; Castilleja pallida subsp. septentrionalis; Castilleja pallida var. septentrionalis; Castilleja rhexifolia var. sulphurea and 3 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Orobanchaceae
Described by
Lindl.
Native to
Nunavut, Northwest Territories, Alberta +18
Wild records
1745 in range · 901 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-21
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-21names fetched 2026-10-21
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 1 record within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (1 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-21
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-21NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 41.50_-106.250, lapse-corrected +594 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-21
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-21
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-21
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 87 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…