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Centaurea orientalis; photograph author not stated, no rights reserved CC0author not stated, no rights reserved · observed growing wild · 2026-06-29

Centaurea orientalis L.

Caucasian knapweed

Asteraceae · Bulgaria, Romania +7

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Centaurea orientalis, photograph (c) Наталья Пикалова, some rights reserved (CC BY)Centaurea orientalis, photograph (c) Наталья Пикалова, some rights reserved (CC BY)Centaurea orientalis, photograph (c) Наталья Пикалова, some rights reserved (CC BY)Centaurea orientalis, photograph (c) Наталья Пикалова, some rights reserved (CC BY)Centaurea orientalis, photograph (c) Илья Руденко, some rights reserved (CC BY)Centaurea orientalis, photograph (c) Наталья Пикалова, some rights reserved (CC BY) 73 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-18.0°C
Record low -32.0 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
26°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
586mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
6–38DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

About the genus · Centaurea

Centaurea is a genus of over 700 species of herbaceous thistle-like flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. Members of the genus are found only north of the equator, mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere; the Middle East and surrounding regions are particularly species-rich.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Centaurea", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (419 mm of 580 mm) takes 8 months, May to December. Mean temperature moves 24.3 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: November to June.

Rain

580 mm in the median year at the habitat, 419 mm of it May to December. Wettest month June at 70 mm, driest months (2 at 38 mm). Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 482 mm to 854 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 586 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 580 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 6 to 38 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 4, the highest 90th-percentile month 42).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -18.0 °C, the absolute minimum -32.0 °C, 5,842 frost nights in 44 years, 132.8 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 33.7 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -5.6 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -8.3 °C to -1.3 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 26.1 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -18.0 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 55 to 67% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -45 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Centaurea orientalis through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 26 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low -5.6 °C; 580 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-40°-20°0°20°40°frost33.7° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-32.0° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0255075100125mm rainDLI 6–38RH 55–67%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 505 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C1 / -3–42 / -3–56 / 4–914 / 12–1520 / 17–2124 / 21–2526 / 24–2826 / 24–2820 / 18–2214 / 11–167 / 3–102 / -2–5
Night °C-6 / -8–-1-5 / -9–-2-2 / -4–14 / 3–610 / 8–1214 / 13–1617 / 15–1916 / 15–1911 / 10–146 / 4–90 / -2–4-4 / -7–0
Rain mm44 / 29–6938 / 28–6538 / 30–6641 / 32–6049 / 40–8170 / 54–10262 / 47–8948 / 37–7852 / 42–7245 / 35–6947 / 38–8346 / 33–83
DLI8 / 6–1113 / 11–1721 / 19–2428 / 27–3236 / 35–4038 / 36–4238 / 36–4234 / 31–3724 / 22–2815 / 12–198 / 6–126 / 4–9
RH %67 / 63–7165 / 62–7062 / 60–6458 / 57–6156 / 54–6057 / 55–6056 / 54–5855 / 53–5858 / 56–6061 / 60–6366 / 63–6767 / 64–70
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 505 grid cells holding the 886 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 830:4156 (48.475, 27.825). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -32.0 °C, 1st-percentile night -18.0 °C, 99th-percentile day 33.7 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 505 distinct grid cells holding 886 of the 886 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 830:4156 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 48.50_28.125, lapse-corrected -45 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 190 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeBulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia, Krym, Central European Russia, South European Russia, Ukraine, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus · introduced: Norway, Belgium, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland, Italy · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker44.797, 34.3 · in the densest population, 494 records (47% of those in range)
Kew's description“perennial” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 1051 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 886 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 485 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 18 km away. 22 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 165 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 2° block of the 1051 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Centaurea orientalis, photograph 1did not loadCentaurea orientalis, photograph 2did not loadCentaurea orientalis, photograph 3did not loadCentaurea orientalis, photograph 4did not loadCentaurea orientalis, photograph 5did not loadCentaurea orientalis, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) Наталья Пикалова, some rights reserved (CC BY) (5); (c) Илья Руденко, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Linum hirsutum Linum hirsutum Linaceae Photo: CC BY, RomanRanunculus illyricus Ranunculus illyricus Illyrian Buttercup Photo: CC BY, Dmitriy BochkovPaeonia tenuifolia Paeonia tenuifolia Fern-leaf Peony Photo: CC BY, Oleksandr ShynderStipa capillata Stipa capillata Dwarf Feather Grass Photo: CC0, author not statedRumex patientia Rumex patientia Patience dock Photo: CC BY, crothfelsErysimum diffusum Erysimum diffusum Diffuse wallflower Photo: CC BY, Christoph Moning

Other Centaurea 67 in the reference

Centaurea achtarovii Asteraceae Centaurea akamantis Centaurea akamantis Akamas Centaury Photo: CC BY, Ruslan SalimgareevCentaurea alba Centaurea alba Asteraceae Photo: CC BY, Teo AlbertCentaurea ambigua Centaurea ambigua Asteraceae Photo: CC BY, fmunozCentaurea aplolepa Centaurea aplolepa Asteraceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Andrea MologniCentaurea aspera Centaurea aspera Rough star-thistle Photo: CC0, author not statedCentaurea atropurpurea Centaurea atropurpurea Asteraceae Photo: CC BY, Yves Bas Centaurea axillaris Asteraceae Centaurea babylonica Centaurea babylonica Syrian knapweed Photo: CC BY-SA, Serdar ÖlezCentaurea barrasii Centaurea barrasii Asteraceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Krzysztof Ziarnek, KenraizCentaurea benedicta Centaurea benedicta Blessed thistle Photo: CC BY, Orzigul AnvarovaCentaurea calcitrapa Centaurea calcitrapa Red star-thistle Photo: CC0, author not stated all 68 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Acrocentron orientale; Centaurea neglecta; Centaurea orientalis f. rubescens; Centaurea orientalis subsp. orientalis; Centaurea rigidifolia and 7 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataiNaturalist

The record

Family
Asteraceae
Described by
L.
Native to
Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia +6
Wild records
1051 in range · 485 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-21
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-21names fetched 2026-10-21
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 19 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (16 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 3 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-21
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-21NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 48.50_28.125, lapse-corrected -45 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-21
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-21
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-21
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 67 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…