Species
+

Chrysothemis pulchella (Donn.Sm. ex Sims) Decne.

Black Flamingo, Herbe a miel (Lesser Antilles), Squarestem, Sunset Bells

Climate known 36 photographs Tropical foliage plant
Add one to my plants Sow seed

Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.

Summary

Chrysothemis pulchella is a tender tropical perennial plant that belongs to the family Gesneriaceae. It can be used as a shade area house plant or interior ornamental plant or in a greenhouse.

Text from Wikipedia, “Chrysothemis pulchella”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.

About the genus · Chrysothemis

In Greek mythology, Chrysothemis or Khrysothemis is a name ascribed to several female characters in Greek mythology.Chrysothemis, daughter of Carmanor and the first winner of the oldest contest held at the Pythian Games, the singing of a hymn to Apollo. She was the wife of Staphylus or a lover of Apollo. Chrysothemis, a Hesperid pictured and named on an ancient vase together with Asterope, Hygieia and Lipara. More on Wikipedia ›

The opening of Wikipedia, “Chrysothemis”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.

Family
Gesneriaceae
Described by
(Donn.Sm. ex Sims) Decne.
Native to
Mexico Southeast, Costa Rica, El Salvador +16
Wild records
1095 in range· 407 open

At a glance

Warmest month
29°C
Apr, mean day; nights 23 °C (CHELSA)
Rain
2881mm/yr
12 wet months · peak Oct 337 mm (CHELSA)
Light
27–37DLI
mol/m²/day, winter to summer, open sky (CHELSA shortwave)
In short condensed by rule from the cultivation cards · not written by a person
Grouped as a tropical foliage plant by Gesneriaceae, which is usually but not always one kind of plant (archetype table). Rain rule: a sharp rainy season, May to November at the habitat (not shifted); the temperature curve is flat (0.9 °C of range), so no growing season is inferred. Habitat rain 2881 mm a year, wettest October at 337 mm, driest February at 91 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere). Open sky over the habitat: 27 to 37 mol/m²/day. Cold floor 19.4 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).
Each sentence is one card's own one-line form, written by the same rule as the card (Its year, Rain, Light, Temperature); the note cannot say what a card does not. Months are given for the northern hemisphere (set your site in Settings to change this), and the habitat's own alongside. The cards · the figures.

Also known as Besleria formosa F.Dietr.; Besleria melittifolia Drapiez; Besleria pulchella Donn; Besleria pulchella Donn ex Sims; Besleria umbellata Sims and 16 more.

Cultivation

Grouped as a tropical foliage plant by Gesneriaceae, which is usually but not always one kind of plant (archetype table). The table supplies one figure for this group, a conventional minimum for the cold floor, and no prose.

Its year Rain rule: a sharp rainy season, May to November at the habitat (not shifted); the temperature curve is flat (0.9 °C of range), so no growing season is inferred.

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads a sharp season: 70% of the year's rain (2224 mm of 2881 mm) falls in May to November. The temperature curve is flat, 0.9 °C between the warmest and coldest month, so the growing-season rule does not infer a growing season from it. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; with a flat temperature curve there is no season to reverse, so they are not shifted for a collection elsewhere.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain Habitat rain 2881 mm a year, wettest October at 337 mm, driest February at 91 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

2881 mm a year at the habitat, 2224 mm of it May to November. Wettest month October at 337 mm, driest February at 91 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 1685 mm to 4757 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light Open sky over the habitat: 27 to 37 mol/m²/day.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 27 to 37 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 23, the highest 90th-percentile month 41).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Warmth and air Cold floor 19.4 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is 19.4 °C, the absolute minimum 17.5 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 36.3 °C. Monthly means: coldest night 21.8 °C in January (across the envelope cells 17.8 °C to 23.9 °C), warmest day 28.6 °C in April (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: 19.4 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER); the archetype table's minimum for a tropical foliage plant, 12 °C, is lower and does not raise it.

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence, and the archetype table's group minimum where that is higher. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 64 to 70% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.

The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat climate through the yearMean day from 27 °C in Nov to 29 °C in Apr; mean night from 22 °C in Jan to 23 °C in May. The cold quarter, Dec to Feb, is the three months around the coldest night. 2881 mm of rain a year, most in Oct. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 620 habitat cells. Over 44 years at the typical cell the absolute minimum was 17.5 °C and the 99th-percentile day 36.3 °C; neither is dated to a month. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.15°20°25°30°35°40°36.3° 99th-percentile day (undated)17.5° lowest night in 44 yrs (undated)°C · day and nightcold quarter0200400600800mm rainDLI 27–37RH 64–70 %JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain 10th–90th percentile across 620 habitat cells cold quarter: the three months around the coldest night extremes over 44 years at the typical cell, marked at the edge: undated DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C27 / 25–3128 / 25–3229 / 26–3229 / 26–3228 / 26–3028 / 25–2928 / 25–2928 / 25–3028 / 25–3028 / 25–3027 / 25–3027 / 25–30
Night °C22 / 18–2422 / 18–2422 / 18–2423 / 19–2523 / 19–2522 / 19–2522 / 19–2422 / 19–2422 / 19–2522 / 19–2522 / 19–2422 / 18–24
Rain mm101 / 18–34991 / 13–29999 / 21–330184 / 56–420333 / 136–543325 / 144–531303 / 114–518313 / 125–550309 / 108–575337 / 123–649304 / 93–502182 / 60–414
DLI32 / 27–3534 / 29–3937 / 29–4136 / 27–4130 / 25–3828 / 23–3629 / 24–3731 / 24–3731 / 25–3829 / 23–3627 / 23–3329 / 25–33
RH %65 / 59–7164 / 57–7064 / 57–7066 / 59–7169 / 64–7370 / 65–7569 / 63–7569 / 62–7569 / 62–7570 / 63–7569 / 63–7567 / 62–72

Each figure is the median across the 620 grid cells holding the 1046 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 1636:1970 (8.175, -81.475). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 17.5 °C, 1st-percentile night 19.4 °C, 99th-percentile day 36.3 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 620 distinct grid cells holding the 1046 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1636:1970 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 8.00_-81.250, lapse-corrected +143 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 258 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across every in-range record's cell, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeMexico Southeast, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Cuba, Jamaica, Leeward Is. AB Ant, Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is., Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil North· introduced: Comoros, Assam, Caroline Is.
Kew's description“subshrub or shrub” · “wet tropical”· quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Map marker10.417, -84.124 · in the densest population, 469 records (43% of those in range)
Evidence usedThe map marker and the climate envelope rest on all 1095 georeferenced records inside the native range; the map shows only the 407 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 25 km away. 388 records outside the range (gardens, roadsides, misidentifications) ignored. 49 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km and stay on the map but off the climate.
The map markerthe map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 2° block of the 1095 in-range records; it decides nothing.

Photographs

Chrysothemis pulchellaChrysothemis pulchellaChrysothemis pulchellaChrysothemis pulchellaChrysothemis pulchellaChrysothemis pulchellaChrysothemis pulchellaChrysothemis pulchella

Photographs: (c) Adrien Jailloux, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2); (c) Eric Knight, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Neptalí Ramírez Marcial, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Sindhu Haridas, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Gijs Romijn, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Ong Jyh Seng, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA); (c) Trevor Van Loon, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Photographs: iNaturalist and Wikimedia Commons did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.

Papers naming this species

Works whose title or abstract names Chrysothemis pulchella, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.

Synthesis, Characterization, Anticancer and Antimicrobial Potentials of Chrysothemis Pulchella Leaf Extract Mediated Gold Nanoparticles
Christiana Ene Ogwuche, Elias E. Elemike, Daniel Oju, Damian C. Onwudiwe (2023) · Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials
Chrysothemis y Episcia (Gesneriaceae: Gesnerioideae: Episcieae), registros nuevos para la flora nativa de México
Angélica Ramírez-Roa, Esteban Martínez (2011) · Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad
Addition of four invasive alien plant species to state flora of Mizoram, India
Lal Tlanhlui, Margaret Lalhlupuii, Sanatombi Devi Yumkham, Sandhyarani Devi Khomdram (2023) · Journal of Threatened Taxa
Taxonomical Studies Of Selected Ornamental Plants
F. M. Oloyede, HC Illoh, F.A. Oloyede (2008) · Ife Journal of Science
Occurrence Download
GBIF.org User (2026) · Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Occurrence Download
GBIF.org User (2026) · Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Occurrence Download
GBIF.org User (2026) · Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Occurrence Download
GBIF.org User (2026) · Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Occurrence Download
GBIF.org User (2026) · Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Occurrence Download
GBIF.org User (2026) · Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Occurrence Download
GBIF.org User (2026) · Global Biodiversity Information Facility
Chrysothemis pulchella (Donn. Sm. ex Sims) Decne.
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh (2026) · DiSSCo

Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.

History & registers

Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
wcvp.distribution answered
gbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.3h4zam
climate answered
wikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
wikipedia answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.taxon not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive)
inat.photos.wild answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped
inat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
commons not askedcarried from build of 2026-09-20 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
gbif.media answered
openalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-20; this build: skipped

Every upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 58 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.