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Coprosma ernodeoides; photograph author not stated, no rights reserved CC0author not stated, no rights reserved · observed growing wild · 2026-03-20

Coprosma ernodeoides A.Gray

'Aiakanene

Rubiaceae · Hawaii

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Coprosma ernodeoides, photograph (c) Kyle Elshoff, some rights reserved (CC BY)Coprosma ernodeoides, photograph (c) Tara Severns, some rights reserved (CC BY)Coprosma ernodeoides, photograph (c) Tara Severns, some rights reserved (CC BY)Coprosma ernodeoides, photograph (c) David Anderson, some rights reserved (CC BY)Coprosma ernodeoides, photograph (c) David Anderson, some rights reserved (CC BY)Coprosma ernodeoides, photograph (c) David Anderson, some rights reserved (CC BY) 56 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
6.6°C
Record low 3.7 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
20°C
Jul, Aug and Sep at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
2,196mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
27–45DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in the habitat's months, not shifted
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Not shifted: the shift rule does not apply to this habitat. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Coprosma ernodeoides, known as black-fruited coprosma in English and kūkaenēnē or ʻaiakanēnē in Hawaiian, is a sprawling shrub occurring only on the islands of Maui and Hawai‘i.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Coprosma ernodeoides", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Coprosma

Coprosma is a genus of flowering plants in the family Rubiaceae. It is found in New Zealand, Hawaiian Islands, Borneo, Java, New Guinea, islands of the Pacific Ocean to Australia and the Juan Fernández Islands.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Coprosma", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (1,642 mm of 2,209 mm) takes 8 months, November to April and July to August. Mean temperature moves 3.8 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere. The temperature curve moves under 4 °C between the warmest and coldest month, where the shift rule does not apply, so they are not shifted for a collection elsewhere.

Rain

2,209 mm in the median year at the habitat, 1,642 mm of it November to April and July to August. Wettest month November at 245 mm, driest month June at 117 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,195 mm to 3,644 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 2,196 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 2,209 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 27 to 45 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 24, the highest 90th-percentile month 46).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 6.6 °C, the absolute minimum 3.7 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 23.1 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 8.6 °C in February (across the grid cells of the range 3.3 °C to 13.4 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 20.0 °C in August (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 6.6 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 60 to 64% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +653 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Coprosma ernodeoides through the yearWarmest months July, August and September, mean daily high 20 °C; coldest month February, mean nightly low 8.6 °C; 2,209 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.0°5°10°15°20°25°23.1° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER3.7° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400500mm rainDLI 27–45RH 60–64%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 38 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C17 / 12–1917 / 11–1817 / 11–1917 / 11–1918 / 12–2019 / 14–2120 / 14–2220 / 15–2220 / 15–2219 / 14–2118 / 13–2017 / 12–19
Night °C9 / 4–149 / 3–139 / 4–149 / 4–1410 / 5–1511 / 5–1511 / 6–1612 / 7–1712 / 7–1611 / 6–1611 / 5–169 / 4–14
Rain mm189 / 120–299178 / 94–305228 / 114–406198 / 90–336134 / 73–243117 / 55–162183 / 87–249179 / 77–243156 / 103–266160 / 100–287245 / 117–424242 / 125–383
DLI28 / 25–3132 / 30–3436 / 34–3840 / 37–4242 / 39–4345 / 41–4644 / 41–4543 / 40–4438 / 36–3934 / 31–3628 / 26–3127 / 24–29
RH %60 / 46–6661 / 46–6763 / 49–6964 / 50–7063 / 49–7160 / 48–7261 / 51–7262 / 51–7164 / 53–7163 / 51–7063 / 51–6861 / 48–67
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 38 grid cells holding the 253 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1410:492 (19.475, -155.375). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 3.7 °C, 1st-percentile night 6.6 °C, 99th-percentile day 23.1 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 38 distinct grid cells holding 253 of the 253 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1410:492 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 19.50_-155.625, lapse-corrected +653 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 1798 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeHawaii · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker19.672, -155.385 · in the densest population, 312 records (99% of those in range)
Kew's description“subshrub or shrub” · “wet tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 314 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 253 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 116 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker in the same place. 1 record outside the WCVP native range not used. 61 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 314 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Coprosma ernodeoides, photograph 1did not loadCoprosma ernodeoides, photograph 2did not loadCoprosma ernodeoides, photograph 3did not loadCoprosma ernodeoides, photograph 4did not loadCoprosma ernodeoides, photograph 5did not loadCoprosma ernodeoides, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) Kyle Elshoff, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Tara Severns, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2); (c) David Anderson, some rights reserved (CC BY) (3).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Argyroxiphium kauense Argyroxiphium kauense Kau silversword Photo: CC BY, David AndersonArgyroxiphium sandwicense Argyroxiphium sandwicense Silversword Photo: CC BY, Harrison ColeMagnolia pallescens Magnolia pallescens Pale magnolia Photo: CC BY, Mario Guzmán Cleome densiflora Cleomaceae Panopsis suaveolens Panopsis suaveolens Proteaceae Photo: CC BY, Alan RockefellerMaxillaria lawrenceana Maxillaria lawrenceana Orchidaceae Photo: CC BY, Nicolás Baresch Uribe

Other Coprosma 51 in the reference

Coprosma acerosa Coprosma acerosa Sand coprosma Photo: CC BY, John BarklaCoprosma acutifolia Coprosma acutifolia Rubiaceae Photo: CC BY, Angus CampbellCoprosma arborea Coprosma arborea Tree Coprosma Photo: CC BY, Tom BeardCoprosma areolata Coprosma areolata Thin-leaved coprosma Photo: CC BY, Mel WhitingCoprosma atropurpurea Coprosma atropurpurea Rubiaceae Photo: CC BY, Matt ScottCoprosma baueri Coprosma baueri Rubiaceae Photo: Public domain, Stickpen Coprosma brunnea Rubiaceae Coprosma chathamica Coprosma chathamica Rubiaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedCoprosma cheesemanii Coprosma cheesemanii Rubiaceae Photo: CC BY, Lorraine CookCoprosma ciliata Coprosma ciliata Rubiaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedCoprosma colensoi Coprosma colensoi Rubiaceae Photo: CC BY, Lorraine CookCoprosma crassifolia Coprosma crassifolia Mikimiki Photo: CC BY, Sigourney Juneau all 52 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Coprosma ernodeoides var. mauiensis; Coprosma solandri. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Rubiaceae
Described by
A.Gray
Native to
Hawaii
Wild records
314 in range · 116 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-21
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-21
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-21names fetched 2026-10-21
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-21
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-21NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 19.50_-155.625, lapse-corrected +653 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-21
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-21
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-21
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 17 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

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