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Crataegus macracantha; photograph (c) Jeff Hansen, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) Jeff Hansen, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-06-03

Crataegus macracantha (Lindl.) Lodd. ex Loudon

Large-thorn hawthorn; Large-thorned hawthorn; Long-spined hawthorn; Western long-thorned hawthorn

Rosaceae · Alberta, British Columbia +34

Cited as Kew's World Checklist cites it, Crataegus macracantha (Lindl.) Lodd. ex Loudon: GBIF's backbone key for this page carries the name with another author, Lodd. ex Loudon.

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Crataegus macracantha, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCrataegus macracantha, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCrataegus macracantha, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCrataegus macracantha, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCrataegus macracantha, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedCrataegus macracantha, photograph author not stated, no rights reserved 170 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-22.5°C
Record low -34.5 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
26°C
Jul at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
926mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
8–40DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Crataegus macracantha, commonly called large-thorn hawthorn and aubépine á épines longues, is a woody flowering plant native to North America. It is the most widespread North American hawthorn, and highly variable, so it has often been split into other species.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Crataegus macracantha", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Crataegus

Crataegus, commonly called hawthorn, quickthorn, thornapple, May-tree, whitethorn, Mayflower or hawberry, is a genus of several hundred species of shrubs and trees in the family Rosaceae, native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Europe, Asia, North Africa and North America. The name "hawthorn" was originally applied to the species native to northern Europe, especially the common hawthorn C. monogyna, and the unmodified name is often so used in Britain and Ireland. The name is now also applied to the entire genus and to the related Asian genus Rhaphiolepis.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Crataegus", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (702 mm of 955 mm) takes 8 months, April to November. Mean temperature moves 28.6 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: October to May.

Rain

955 mm in the median year at the habitat, 702 mm of it April to November. Wettest month June at 97 mm, driest month February at 57 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 508 mm to 1,199 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 926 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 955 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 8 to 40 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 7, the highest 90th-percentile month 46).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -22.5 °C, the absolute minimum -34.5 °C, 6,152 frost nights in 44 years, 139.8 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 25.0 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -11.9 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -15.4 °C to -6.7 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 25.7 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -22.5 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 55 to 63% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -40 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Crataegus macracantha through the yearWarmest month July, mean daily high 26 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low -11.9 °C; 955 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-40°-20°0°20°40°frost25.0° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-34.5° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0255075100125mm rainDLI 8–40RH 55–63%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 459 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C-3 / -7–3-1 / -6–44 / 0–912 / 8–1518 / 14–2023 / 20–2526 / 23–2825 / 23–2720 / 18–2313 / 11–166 / 3–9-1 / -4–3
Night °C-12 / -15–-7-11 / -13–-6-6 / -8–-22 / -1–48 / 5–1014 / 10–1517 / 14–1916 / 14–1912 / 9–156 / 3–8-1 / -5–2-8 / -12–-4
Rain mm65 / 16–8557 / 16–7759 / 30–8377 / 39–9488 / 66–10497 / 74–11893 / 58–11790 / 48–11392 / 43–10781 / 39–11284 / 23–10372 / 19–98
DLI11 / 10–1418 / 16–2026 / 24–2932 / 30–3637 / 35–4140 / 38–4540 / 37–4634 / 32–4026 / 24–3117 / 15–2111 / 9–158 / 7–12
RH %63 / 57–6660 / 56–6557 / 55–6155 / 53–5756 / 54–5957 / 53–6058 / 51–6159 / 52–6160 / 51–6159 / 53–6161 / 56–6363 / 57–66
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 459 grid cells holding the 598 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 881:1949 (45.925, -82.525). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -34.5 °C, 1st-percentile night -22.5 °C, 99th-percentile day 25.0 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 459 distinct grid cells holding 598 of the 598 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 881:1949 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 46.00_-82.500, lapse-corrected -40 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 161 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeAlberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Ontario, Québec, Colorado, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wisconsin, Connecticut, Indiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode I., Vermont, West Virginia, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, Maryland, Virginia · introduced: Baltic States · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker45.434, -73.434 · in the densest population, 210 records (21% of those in range)
Kew's description“shrub or tree” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 999 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 598 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 770 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 8 km away. 57 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 401 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 999 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Crataegus macracantha, photograph 1did not loadCrataegus macracantha, photograph 2did not loadCrataegus macracantha, photograph 3did not loadCrataegus macracantha, photograph 4did not loadCrataegus macracantha, photograph 5did not loadCrataegus macracantha, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (6).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Carex pedunculata Carex pedunculata Longstalk sedge Photo: CC BY, Dustin SniderAnemonastrum canadense Anemonastrum canadense Canada anemone Photo: CC0, author not statedCicuta bulbifera Cicuta bulbifera Bulblet-bearing water hemlock Photo: CC BY, Tom ScavoUlmus thomasii Ulmus thomasii Rock elm Photo: CC BY, Ryan SorrellsAthyrium angustum Athyrium angustum Subarctic lady fern Photo: CC BY, Karen SaundersPotamogeton amplifolius Potamogeton amplifolius Large-leaved pondweed Photo: CC BY, Steven Bodzin

Other Crataegus 80 in the reference

Crataegus aestivalis Crataegus aestivalis May hawthorn Photo: CC BY, Pam KleinsasserCrataegus ambigua Crataegus ambigua Russian Hawthorn Photo: CC BY, Jared ShormaCrataegus apiifolia Crataegus apiifolia Parsley hawthorn Photo: CC BY, Caroline KaneCrataegus aprica Crataegus aprica Sunny hawthorn Photo: CC BY, Kristály Cravens-LiszakCrataegus azarolus Crataegus azarolus Azarole Photo: CC BY, Louis AuregliaCrataegus berberifolia Crataegus berberifolia Barberry hawthorn Photo: CC BY, sblumenCrataegus calpodendron Crataegus calpodendron Pear hawthorn Photo: CC BY, Ryan Sorrells Crataegus × canescens Rosaceae Crataegus chlorocarpa Crataegus chlorocarpa Rosaceae Photo: CC BY, Alexander DubyninCrataegus chlorosarca Crataegus chlorosarca Rosaceae Photo: CC BY, Tatyana PetrenkoCrataegus chrysocarpa Crataegus chrysocarpa Fireberry hawthorn Photo: CC BY, Charlie Pavlisich Crataegus chungtienensis Rosaceae all 81 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Crataegus beckiana; Crataegus coloradensis; Crataegus divida; Crataegus ferentaria; Crataegus glandulosa var. macracantha and 15 more. (GBIF Backbone)

Under another author Crataegus douglasii Macoun is an older name of this species, not Crataegus douglasii, a species of the reference; Crataegus sanguinea Torr. & A.Gray is an older name of this species, not Crataegus sanguinea, a species of the reference. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Rosaceae
Described by
(Lindl.) Lodd. ex Loudon
Native to
Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba +33
Wild records
999 in range · 770 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22GBIF's key 3013570 is Crataegus macracantha Lodd. ex Loudon; the page links Kew's Crataegus macracantha (Lindl.) Lodd. ex Loudon, and the name is cited as Kew cites it
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 61 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (56 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 5 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 46.00_-82.500, lapse-corrected -40 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 69 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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