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Dendrobium moniliforme; photograph (c) Cheng-Te Hsu, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) Cheng-Te Hsu, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-03-06

Dendrobium moniliforme (L.) Sw.

Seokgok

Orchidaceae · China South-Central, China North-Central +11 · listed by its genus as an orchid

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Dendrobium moniliforme, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedDendrobium moniliforme, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedDendrobium moniliforme, photograph (c) Genevieve Early, some rights reserved (CC BY)Dendrobium moniliforme, photograph (c) Genevieve Early, some rights reserved (CC BY)Dendrobium moniliforme, photograph (c) Cheng-Te Hsu, some rights reserved (CC BY)Dendrobium moniliforme, photograph author not stated, no rights reserved 67 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Coldest month, mean nightly low
3.5°C
Jan at the habitat, not a floor; extremes not used (the weather cell's ground is too far off) CHELSA
Warmest month, mean daily high
26°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
3,242mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
16–34DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes April to September, read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Dendrobium moniliforme, known as Shihu in Chinese and Sekkoku in Japanese, is a species of orchid. It is native to Japan, Korea, China, the Himalayas, and northern Indochina.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Dendrobium moniliforme", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Dendrobium

Dendrobium is a genus of mostly epiphytic and lithophytic orchids in the family Orchidaceae. It is a very large genus, containing more than 1,800 species that are found in diverse habitats throughout much of south, east and southeast Asia, including China, Japan, India, the Philippines, Indonesia, Australia, New Guinea, Vietnam and many of the islands of the Pacific. Orchids in this genus have roots that creep over the surface of trees or rocks, rarely having their roots in soil. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Dendrobium", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Grouped as an orchid, listed under the genus Dendrobium in the archetype table, and Kew describes it as “pseudobulbous epiphyte”.

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (2,290 mm of 3,125 mm) falls in April to September, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 20.7 °C against a yearly mean of 15.9 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: October to March.

Rain

3,125 mm in the median year at the habitat, 2,290 mm of it April to September. Wettest month June at 456 mm, driest month December at 77 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,670 mm to 4,519 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 3,242 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 3,125 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 16 to 34 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 13, the highest 90th-percentile month 36).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 3.5 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -2.2 °C to 8.7 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 26.4 °C in August (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: none read. The nearest figure is 3.5 °C, the coldest month's mean nightly low, January, in the median year (CHELSA); a month's mean of its nightly lows is warmer than the nights a floor is read from. The daily extremes were read at a weather cell whose ground is too far above or below the typical spot to correct for, and are not used.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 61 to 69% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. No cold floor is read without a daily extremes series; the coldest month's mean nightly low named in its sentence is not one. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Group. Listed under the genus Dendrobium in the archetype table, and Kew describes it as “pseudobulbous epiphyte”. A group is taken only where Kew's description of the species agrees with the table's listing. The table gives no figure and no prose; the cold floor is the habitat's alone.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Dendrobium moniliforme through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 26 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 3.5 °C; 3,125 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-10°0°10°20°30°frost°C · day and nightcold quarter0200400600800mm rainDLI 16–34RH 61–69%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 118 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C10 / 5–1511 / 6–1614 / 10–1918 / 15–2221 / 18–2423 / 20–2626 / 22–2826 / 21–2924 / 20–2620 / 18–2316 / 13–1912 / 8–16
Night °C4 / -2–94 / -2–97 / 1–1211 / 6–1514 / 11–1817 / 14–2120 / 15–2321 / 15–2518 / 14–2214 / 11–1810 / 5–156 / 0–10
Rain mm88 / 53–187143 / 56–243188 / 95–253231 / 114–298326 / 157–490456 / 224–665417 / 232–739418 / 207–790442 / 202–653203 / 98–531136 / 60–32677 / 47–204
DLI17 / 13–2121 / 16–2426 / 21–3032 / 26–3432 / 28–3631 / 28–3434 / 30–3633 / 30–3528 / 26–2924 / 21–2718 / 16–2316 / 13–20
RH %61 / 55–7361 / 56–7461 / 56–7262 / 58–7164 / 61–7167 / 64–7068 / 65–7269 / 66–7167 / 64–7163 / 59–7361 / 57–7361 / 56–73

The daily extremes were not used: the correction for elevation, -1788 m, is beyond the 1,000 m either way that a lapse rate is applied over, so the weather cell's ground is other terrain than the typical spot's. So no cold floor is read for this species, and the coldest month's mean nightly low is not taken as one. What that cell gave, so corrected, over 44 years: absolute minimum -6.1 °C, 1st-percentile night 3.3 °C.

How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 118 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (179 records in those cells; 1 more cell holds records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cell is left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1234:5278 (28.275, 83.925). Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 118 distinct grid cells holding 179 of the 180 in-range records (1 further cell with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1234:5278 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 28.50_83.750, lapse-corrected -1788 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 1254 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeChina South-Central, China North-Central, China Southeast, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, Nepal, West Himalaya, Myanmar, Vietnam · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker24.505, 121.317 · in the densest population, 307 records (61% of those in range)
Kew's description“pseudobulbous epiphyte” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 507 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 179 of them in the land cells it reads, of 180 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 157 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 20 km away. 8 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 327 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 507 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Dendrobium moniliforme, photograph 1did not loadDendrobium moniliforme, photograph 2did not loadDendrobium moniliforme, photograph 3did not loadDendrobium moniliforme, photograph 4did not loadDendrobium moniliforme, photograph 5did not loadDendrobium moniliforme, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (3); (c) Genevieve Early, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2); (c) Cheng-Te Hsu, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Selaginella remotifolia Selaginella remotifolia Loose-leaf selaginella Photo: CC BY, Genevieve EarlyLoxogramme salicifolia Loxogramme salicifolia Willow-leaf lance fern Photo: CC BY, 黃美滿Quercus sessilifolia Quercus sessilifolia Fagaceae Photo: CC BY, りなべるDryopteris cycadina Dryopteris cycadina Shaggy wood fern Photo: CC0, author not statedPolystichum hookerianum Polystichum hookerianum Hooker's holly fern Photo: CC BY-SA, vrxzCyrtomium devexiscapulae Cyrtomium devexiscapulae Long-leaf Asian hollyfern Photo: CC BY, Jason

Other Dendrobium 264 in the reference

Dendrobium aberrans Dendrobium aberrans Orchidaceae Photo: CC BY, rdutaDendrobium acerosum Dendrobium acerosum Orchidaceae Photo: CC BY, Cheongweei Gan Dendrobium aciculare Orchidaceae Dendrobium acinaciforme Orchidaceae Dendrobium aduncum Orchidaceae Dendrobium aemulum Dendrobium aemulum Ironbark feather orchid Photo: CC BY, Sofia Zvolanek Dendrobium alaticaulinum Orchidaceae Dendrobium alexandrae Dendrobium alexandrae Orchidaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, OrchiDendrobium aloifolium Dendrobium aloifolium Aloe-Like Dendrobium Photo: CC BY, Gerard ChartierDendrobium amabile Dendrobium amabile Orchidaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, KENPEIDendrobium amethystoglossum Dendrobium amethystoglossum Orchidaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Orchi Dendrobium amphigenyum Orchidaceae all 265 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Callista candida; Callista japonica; Callista moniliforme; Callista moniliformis; Callista spathacea and 22 more. (GBIF Backbone)

Under another author Onychium japonicum Blume is an older name of this species, not Onychium japonicum, a species of the reference. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Orchidaceae
Described by
(L.) Sw.
Native to
China South-Central, China North-Central, China Southeast +10
Wild records
507 in range · 157 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 13 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (8 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 5 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 28.50_83.750, lapse-corrected -1788 m at 6.5 °C/km; read, and set aside: the correction for elevation, -1788 m, is beyond the 1,000 m either way that a lapse rate is applied over, so the weather cell's ground is other terrain than the typical spot's, so no cold floor is shown
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 43 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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