Example ⟳ +
An example collection, so you can see what this page does. Nothing added here is kept: leaving deletes it.
Dryopteris peranema; photograph (c) 謝麗霦, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) 謝麗霦, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-06-20

Dryopteris peranema Li Bing Zhang

Dryopteridaceae · China South-Central, China Southeast +9 · listed by its genus as a fern or moss

Add one to my plants
Sow seed
Dryopteris peranema, photograph (c) 謝麗霦, some rights reserved (CC BY)Dryopteris peranema, photograph (c) 黃美滿, some rights reserved (CC BY)Dryopteris peranema, photograph (c) 黃美滿, some rights reserved (CC BY)Dryopteris peranema, photograph (c) 黃美滿, some rights reserved (CC BY)Dryopteris peranema, photograph (c) 黃美滿, some rights reserved (CC BY)Dryopteris peranema, photograph (c) 黃美滿, some rights reserved (CC BY) 75 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Coldest month, mean nightly low
3.1°C
Jan at the habitat, not a floor; extremes not used (the weather cell's ground is too far off) CHELSA
Warmest month, mean daily high
21°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
3,706mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
19–34DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes May to September, read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

About the genus · Dryopteris

Dryopteris, commonly called the wood ferns, male ferns, or buckler ferns, is a fern genus in the family Dryopteridaceae, subfamily Dryopteridoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). There are about 300-400 species in the genus. The species are distributed in Asia, the Americas, Europe, Africa, and the Pacific islands, with the highest diversity in eastern Asia. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Dryopteris", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Grouped as a fern or moss, listed under the genus Dryopteris in the archetype table, and Kew describes it as “perennial”.

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (2,454 mm of 3,460 mm) falls in May to September, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 17.1 °C against a yearly mean of 13.4 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: November to March.

Rain

3,460 mm in the median year at the habitat, 2,454 mm of it May to September. Wettest month August at 555 mm, driest month December at 78 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 3,036 mm to 4,665 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 3,706 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 3,460 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 19 to 34 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 14, the highest 90th-percentile month 36).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 3.1 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 0.3 °C to 7.6 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 21.0 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: none read. The nearest figure is 3.1 °C, the coldest month's mean nightly low, January, in the median year (CHELSA); a month's mean of its nightly lows is warmer than the nights a floor is read from. The daily extremes were read at a weather cell whose ground is too far above or below the typical spot to correct for, and are not used.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 63 to 69% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. No cold floor is read without a daily extremes series; the coldest month's mean nightly low named in its sentence is not one. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Group. Listed under the genus Dryopteris in the archetype table, and Kew describes it as “perennial”. A group is taken only where Kew's description of the species agrees with the table's listing. The table gives no figure and no prose; the cold floor is the habitat's alone.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Dryopteris peranema through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 21 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 3.1 °C; 3,460 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-5°0°5°10°15°20°25°30°frost°C · day and nightcold quarter02004006008001000mm rainDLI 19–34RH 63–69%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 46 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C11 / 8–1512 / 9–1614 / 11–1917 / 14–2119 / 15–2220 / 17–2421 / 18–2521 / 18–2519 / 17–2317 / 14–2115 / 12–1912 / 8–16
Night °C3 / 0–84 / 2–97 / 4–1110 / 6–1312 / 8–1513 / 10–1714 / 10–1814 / 10–1813 / 10–1711 / 8–158 / 5–124 / 1–9
Rain mm85 / 48–134164 / 87–203179 / 113–203213 / 157–299373 / 322–569513 / 398–772497 / 396–805555 / 448–861516 / 422–622197 / 127–45290 / 54–26878 / 43–158
DLI19 / 14–2321 / 17–2527 / 22–3130 / 27–3331 / 29–3230 / 29–3334 / 33–3631 / 29–3328 / 27–2926 / 22–2821 / 17–2419 / 14–21
RH %63 / 59–7264 / 61–7263 / 61–7064 / 62–6966 / 63–6867 / 65–6967 / 64–6868 / 66–7069 / 66–7066 / 63–7164 / 59–7263 / 57–72

The daily extremes were not used: the correction for elevation, -1788 m, is beyond the 1,000 m either way that a lapse rate is applied over, so the weather cell's ground is other terrain than the typical spot's. So no cold floor is read for this species, and the coldest month's mean nightly low is not taken as one. What that cell gave, so corrected, over 44 years: absolute minimum -6.1 °C, 1st-percentile night 3.3 °C.

How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 46 grid cells holding the 171 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1234:5278 (28.275, 83.925). Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 46 distinct grid cells holding 171 of the 171 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1234:5278 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 28.50_83.750, lapse-corrected -1788 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 1254 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeChina South-Central, China Southeast, Tibet, Taiwan, Assam, East Himalaya, Nepal, West Himalaya, Myanmar, Vietnam, Philippines · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker23.751, 120.962 · in the densest population, 277 records (82% of those in range)
Kew's description“perennial” · “subtropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 336 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 171 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 91 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 3 km away. 1 record outside the WCVP native range not used. 165 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
Other GBIF keysRecords also from GBIF's key 11351004 (Dryopteris peranema LiBingZhang): Kew's file holds it as Dryopteris peranema Li Bing Zhang (accepted); 0 records, from GBIF's search API on the day of the build.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 336 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Dryopteris peranema, photograph 1did not loadDryopteris peranema, photograph 2did not loadDryopteris peranema, photograph 3did not loadDryopteris peranema, photograph 4did not loadDryopteris peranema, photograph 5did not loadDryopteris peranema, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) 謝麗霦, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) 黃美滿, some rights reserved (CC BY) (5).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Hydrangea anomala Hydrangea anomala Japanese Climbing-hydrangea Photo: CC BY, 黃美滿Asimitellaria formosana Asimitellaria formosana Taiwan Miterwort Photo: CC BY, 呂一起(Lyu yi-chi)Dryopteris pseudolunanensis Dryopteris pseudolunanensis Dryopteridaceae Photo: CC BY, Jacy ChenDaphne arisanensis Daphne arisanensis Thymelaeaceae Photo: CC BY, 槲蕨MiuPseudognaphalium adnatum Pseudognaphalium adnatum Asteraceae Photo: CC BY, chrisdtGentiana flavomaculata Gentiana flavomaculata Gentianaceae Photo: CC0, author not stated

Other Dryopteris 75 in the reference

Dryopteris aemula Dryopteris aemula Hay-scented Buckler-fern Photo: CC BY, Rocco LieghioDryopteris affinis Dryopteris affinis Scaly male fern Photo: CC0, pondbobDryopteris aitoniana Dryopteris aitoniana Madeira Buckler-fern Photo: CC BY, Sam J. Thomas Dryopteris × ambroseae Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris amurensis Dryopteris amurensis Amur wood fern Photo: CC BY, Violetta DzizyurovaDryopteris ardechensis Dryopteris ardechensis Cévennes Male-fern Photo: CC BY-SA, Chérif-Jacques AllaliDryopteris arguta Dryopteris arguta Coastal wood fern Photo: CC BY, Matt Berger Dryopteris assamensis Dryopteridaceae Dryopteris atrata Dryopteris atrata Shaggy shield fern Photo: CC BY, Jacy ChenDryopteris × australis Dryopteris × australis Woodfern Photo: CC BY-SA, lejones417Dryopteris bissetiana Dryopteris bissetiana Mountain buckler fern Photo: CC BY, Yoshihiro TokueDryopteris blanfordii Dryopteris blanfordii Dryopteridaceae Photo: Public domain, Stickpen all 76 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Dryopteris zhuweimingii; Peranema cyatheoides; Peranema cyatheoides var. cyatheoides; Peranema cyatheoides var. luzonicum; Peranema formosanum and 2 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataiNaturalist

The record

Family
Dryopteridaceae
Described by
Li Bing Zhang
Native to
China South-Central, China Southeast, Tibet +8
Wild records
336 in range · 91 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredasked 2026-10-22GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 0 records of GBIF's key 11351004, Dryopteris peranema LiBingZhang (Kew's file holds it as Dryopteris peranema Li Bing Zhang (accepted)): GBIF occurrence search API
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 28.50_83.750, lapse-corrected -1788 m at 6.5 °C/km; read, and set aside: the correction for elevation, -1788 m, is beyond the 1,000 m either way that a lapse rate is applied over, so the weather cell's ground is other terrain than the typical spot's, so no cold floor is shown
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22none of the photographs on this page is credited to GBIF: those shown are other sources', and GBIF's were the same photographs or were set aside by the photograph rules
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 28 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…