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Euonymus latifolius; photograph (c) Louis Aureglia, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) Louis Aureglia, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-07-26

Euonymus latifolius (L.) Mill.

Large-leaved Spindle; Broadleaf spindle; Large-leaf spindle

Celastraceae · Austria, Germany +18

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Euonymus latifolius, photograph (c) Vasileia Sef, some rights reserved (CC BY)Euonymus latifolius, photograph (c) Vasileia Sef, some rights reserved (CC BY)Euonymus latifolius, photograph (c) Anton Popovich, some rights reserved (CC BY)Euonymus latifolius, photograph (c) Anton Popovich, some rights reserved (CC BY)Euonymus latifolius, photograph (c) Leonardo Rapisarda, some rights reserved (CC BY)Euonymus latifolius, photograph (c) Roman Luštrik, some rights reserved (CC BY) 78 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-14.3°C
Record low -26.1 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
22°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,314mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
8–38DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Euonymus latifolius, the broad-leaved spindle tree, is a species of flowering plant in the family Celastraceae. It is native to the Mediterranean region, south-central Europe, the Caucasus, and the Middle East as far as Iran, and it has been introduced to Ireland, Great Britain, and Belgium. A shrub with a rounded growth form reaching 2.5 to 4 m (8 to 13 ft), it is typically found in shrublands, and in rocky habitats such as inland cliffs and mountain peaks. In the wild, it requires shade; too much sunlight can prove lethal. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Euonymus latifolius", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Euonymus

Euonymus is a genus of flowering plants in the staff vine family Celastraceae. Common names vary widely among different species and between different English-speaking countries, but include spindle, burning-bush, strawberry-bush, wahoo, wintercreeper, or simply euonymus. It has about 140 species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs, small trees and lianas. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Euonymus", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (925 mm of 1,293 mm) takes 8 months, May to December. Mean temperature moves 18.7 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: November to June.

Rain

1,293 mm in the median year at the habitat, 925 mm of it May to December. Wettest month September at 123 mm, driest month February at 79 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 840 mm to 1,866 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,314 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,293 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 8 to 38 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 6, the highest 90th-percentile month 44).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -14.3 °C, the absolute minimum -26.1 °C, 5,337 frost nights in 44 years, 121.3 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 29.5 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -4.8 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -9.4 °C to -0.1 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 22.2 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -14.3 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 59 to 64% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -54 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Euonymus latifolius through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 22 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low -4.8 °C; 1,293 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost29.5° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-26.1° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200250mm rainDLI 8–38RH 59–64%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 772 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C3 / -1–74 / 1–88 / 4–1112 / 8–1417 / 13–1920 / 16–2322 / 19–2622 / 19–2518 / 15–2114 / 11–167 / 4–114 / 0–7
Night °C-5 / -9–0-4 / -9–0-1 / -5–32 / -2–57 / 2–1010 / 6–1313 / 9–1613 / 9–169 / 5–125 / 2–90 / -4–4-3 / -8–1
Rain mm92 / 63–13879 / 51–11696 / 56–143101 / 59–141122 / 67–173118 / 62–193106 / 45–212112 / 56–206123 / 72–170116 / 74–170115 / 77–159113 / 78–161
DLI9 / 7–1315 / 13–1923 / 20–2731 / 29–3435 / 33–3937 / 34–4338 / 33–4433 / 29–3925 / 21–2917 / 14–2010 / 8–138 / 6–10
RH %62 / 57–6761 / 58–6460 / 57–6259 / 58–6260 / 58–6260 / 56–6359 / 54–6360 / 55–6362 / 58–6463 / 60–6564 / 59–6763 / 58–67
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 772 grid cells holding the 1162 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 839:3917 (48.025, 15.875). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -26.1 °C, 1st-percentile night -14.3 °C, 99th-percentile day 29.5 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 772 distinct grid cells holding 1162 of the 1162 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 839:3917 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 48.00_15.625, lapse-corrected -54 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 613 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeAustria, Germany, Switzerland, France, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia, Krym, Algeria, Morocco, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Cyprus, Iran, Lebanon-Syria, Turkey · introduced: Great Britain, Ireland, Belgium · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker45.033, 5.791 · in the densest population, 1184 records (87% of those in range)
Kew's description“shrub” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 1366 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 1162 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 1103 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 74 km away. 67 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 204 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 1366 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Euonymus latifolius, photograph 1did not loadEuonymus latifolius, photograph 2did not loadEuonymus latifolius, photograph 3did not loadEuonymus latifolius, photograph 4did not loadEuonymus latifolius, photograph 5did not loadEuonymus latifolius, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) Vasileia Sef, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2); (c) Anton Popovich, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2); (c) Leonardo Rapisarda, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Roman Luštrik, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Asperula taurina Asperula taurina Pink Woodruff Photo: CC BY, АннаAchillea roseoalba Achillea roseoalba Pink Rose Yarrow Photo: CC BY-SA, Robert HorakAllium carinatum Allium carinatum Keeled garlic Photo: CC BY, Thomas DreuxMentha longifolia Mentha longifolia Horse Mint Photo: CC BY-SA, Andrea MologniCarex alba Carex alba Cyperaceae Photo: CC0, author not stated Agrimonia agrimonoides Rosaceae

Other Euonymus 40 in the reference

Euonymus acanthocarpus Celastraceae Euonymus alatus Euonymus alatus Winged euonymus Photo: CC BY, Emily SummerbellEuonymus americanus Euonymus americanus Hearts-bustin'-with-love Photo: CC BY, Alex AbairEuonymus atropurpureus Euonymus atropurpureus Eastern burning-bush Photo: CC BY, Shelby Lyn SandersEuonymus carnosus Euonymus carnosus Fleshy-flowered spindle tree Photo: CC BY, 謝麗霦Euonymus centidens Euonymus centidens Celastraceae Photo: CC BY, 賴碧珠Euonymus cochinchinensis Euonymus cochinchinensis Celastraceae Photo: CC BY, Cheng-Te HsuEuonymus cornutus Euonymus cornutus Celastraceae Photo: CC BY-SA, peganumEuonymus echinatus Euonymus echinatus Celastraceae Photo: CC BY, 曾昱承 Yu-Cheng ZengEuonymus europaeus Euonymus europaeus European spindle-tree Photo: CC BY, Patrick HackerEuonymus fimbriatus Euonymus fimbriatus Celastraceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Dinesh Valke from Thane, IndiaEuonymus fortunei Euonymus fortunei Winter creeper Photo: CC BY-SA, Douglas Goldman all 41 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Euonymus europaeus subsp. latifolius; Euonymus europaeus var. latifolius; Euonymus latifolius subsp. cauconis; Euonymus latifolius var. eximius; Euonymus latifolius var. grandiflorus and 3 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Celastraceae
Described by
(L.) Mill.
Native to
Austria, Germany, Switzerland +17
Wild records
1366 in range · 1103 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 19 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (14 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 1 at a herbarium, 4 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 48.00_15.625, lapse-corrected -54 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22found by its label; its IPNI identifier 160962-1 is Kew's for Euonymus latifolius (L.) Mill.
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 101 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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