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Frangula crenata; photograph (c) angryphyco, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) angryphyco, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-06-20

Frangula crenata (Siebold & Zucc.) Miq.

Rhamnaceae · China South-Central, China North-Central +8

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Frangula crenata, photograph (c) 如此甚好, some rights reserved (CC BY)Frangula crenata, photograph (c) 曾昱承 Yu-Cheng Zeng, some rights reserved (CC BY)Frangula crenata, photograph (c) 曾昱承 Yu-Cheng Zeng, some rights reserved (CC BY)Frangula crenata, photograph (c) 曾昱承 Yu-Cheng Zeng, some rights reserved (CC BY)Frangula crenata, photograph (c) 曾昱承 Yu-Cheng Zeng, some rights reserved (CC BY)Frangula crenata, photograph (c) 曾昱承 Yu-Cheng Zeng, some rights reserved (CC BY) 23 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-3.2°C
Record low -8.8 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
27°C
Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
2,193mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
16–35DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes March and May to October, read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

About the genus · Frangula

Frangula is a genus of about 56 species of flowering shrubs or small trees, commonly known as buckthorn, in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae. The common name buckthorn is also used to describe species of the closely related genus Rhamnus in the same family, and also the superficially similar but only distantly related sea-buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides in the Elaeagnaceae.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Frangula", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (1,549 mm of 2,084 mm) falls in March and May to October, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 17.9 °C against a yearly mean of 13.0 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: November to April and September.

Rain

2,084 mm in the median year at the habitat, 1,549 mm of it March and May to October. Wettest month July at 299 mm, driest month December at 73 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,496 mm to 3,611 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 2,193 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 2,084 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 16 to 35 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 12, the highest 90th-percentile month 36).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -3.2 °C, the absolute minimum -8.8 °C, 1,560 frost nights in 44 years, 35.5 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 28.0 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -2.5 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -11.4 °C to 5.7 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 26.9 °C in August (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -3.2 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 59 to 67% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +385 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Frangula crenata through the yearWarmest month August, mean daily high 27 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low -2.5 °C; 2,084 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost28.0° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-8.8° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400500600mm rainDLI 16–35RH 59–67%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 144 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C4 / -1–125 / 0–139 / 4–1615 / 11–1919 / 16–2323 / 19–2626 / 22–2927 / 23–3023 / 20–2718 / 15–2213 / 8–187 / 2–13
Night °C-3 / -11–6-2 / -10–61 / -5–96 / 1–1311 / 7–1715 / 12–2119 / 15–2420 / 16–2417 / 12–2211 / 6–175 / -1–120 / -7–8
Rain mm84 / 43–230104 / 58–195157 / 85–209154 / 103–238195 / 129–369252 / 163–489299 / 195–453232 / 145–461251 / 177–521163 / 66–298120 / 52–25473 / 35–234
DLI17 / 14–1921 / 18–2428 / 23–3033 / 28–3535 / 29–3632 / 29–3532 / 29–3633 / 30–3426 / 24–2822 / 20–2517 / 14–2016 / 12–18
RH %60 / 56–6860 / 56–6759 / 57–6759 / 57–6662 / 59–6765 / 62–6967 / 64–7066 / 63–6965 / 62–6862 / 59–6660 / 57–6660 / 56–67
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 144 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (169 records in those cells; 1 more cell holds records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cell is left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1125:6272 (33.725, 133.625). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -8.8 °C, 1st-percentile night -3.2 °C, 99th-percentile day 28.0 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 144 distinct grid cells holding 169 of the 170 in-range records (1 further cell with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1125:6272 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 33.50_133.750, lapse-corrected +385 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 691 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeChina South-Central, China North-Central, China Southeast, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, Vietnam · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker35.785, 137.502 · in the densest population, 271 records (44% of those in range)
Kew's description“shrub or tree” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 611 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 169 of them in the land cells it reads, of 170 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 468 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 4 km away. 2 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 441 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 2° block of the 611 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Frangula crenata, photograph 1did not loadFrangula crenata, photograph 2did not loadFrangula crenata, photograph 3did not loadFrangula crenata, photograph 4did not loadFrangula crenata, photograph 5did not loadFrangula crenata, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) 如此甚好, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) 曾昱承 Yu-Cheng Zeng, some rights reserved (CC BY) (5).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Hemipilia graminifolia Hemipilia graminifolia Grass-like-leaf ponerorchis Photo: CC0, Mason BrockSciadopitys verticillata Sciadopitys verticillata Japanese umbrella pine Photo: CC BY-SA, harum.kohIlex pedunculosa Ilex pedunculosa Longstalk Holly Photo: CC BY, yajapinIsodon longitubus Isodon longitubus Heavenly Teacost Photo: CC BY, りなべるHuperzia serrata Huperzia serrata Toothed clubmoss Photo: CC BY, Young Jun LeeAbies firma Abies firma Momi fir Photo: CC BY, plant 0302

Other Frangula 10 in the reference

Frangula alnus Frangula alnus Glossy buckthorn Photo: CC BY, magnaturalistFrangula azorica Frangula azorica Azorean Buckthorn Photo: CC BY, William StephensFrangula betulifolia Frangula betulifolia Birch-leaf buckthorn Photo: CC BY, Kenzie Anderson-BellFrangula californica Frangula californica California buckthorn Photo: CC0, author not statedFrangula caroliniana Frangula caroliniana Carolina buckthorn Photo: CC BY, Eliza CroftsFrangula goudotiana Frangula goudotiana Rhamnaceae Photo: CC BY, Nicolás Baresch UribeFrangula purshiana Frangula purshiana Cascara buckthorn Photo: CC BY, Annie KreagerFrangula rubra Frangula rubra Sierra coffee berry Photo: CC0, author not statedFrangula rupestris Frangula rupestris Rhamnaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedFrangula sphaerosperma Frangula sphaerosperma West Indian buckthorn Photo: CC BY, Nicolás Baresch Uribe

Names & registers

Also known as Celastrus esquirolianus; Celastrus kouytchensis; Frangula acuminatifolia; Frangula cambodiana; Frangula crenata subsp. acuminatifolia and 17 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataiNaturalist

The record

Family
Rhamnaceae
Described by
(Siebold & Zucc.) Miq.
Native to
China South-Central, China North-Central, China Southeast +7
Wild records
611 in range · 468 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 11 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (6 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 5 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 33.50_133.750, lapse-corrected +385 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22none of the photographs on this page is credited to GBIF: those shown are other sources', and GBIF's were the same photographs or were set aside by the photograph rules
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 62 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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