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Glandularia peruviana; photograph Stan Shebs, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SAStan Shebs, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Glandularia peruviana (L.) Small

Verbenaceae · Bolivia, Brazil South +4

English names not checked: Wikidata's common names were not read for this page.

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Glandularia peruviana, photograph Zanchetta Fabio (faxstaff), CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia CommonsGlandularia peruviana, photograph Zanchetta Fabio (faxstaff), CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia CommonsGlandularia peruviana, photograph Zanchetta Fabio (faxstaff), CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia CommonsGlandularia peruviana, photograph [ https://www.flickr.com/people/43206694@N03 M�rcia Stefani], CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia CommonsGlandularia peruviana, photograph Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia CommonsGlandularia peruviana, photograph Hedwig Storch, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons 10 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-0.5°C
Record low -5.2 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
29°C
Jan at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,189mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
16–46DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes April to October (October to April at the habitat), read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Verbena peruviana (syn. Glandularia peruviana), the Peruvian mock vervain, is a species of flowering plant in the family Verbenaceae. It is native to Bolivia, southern Brazil, northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, but not Peru, and has been introduced to scattered locations elsewhere, including the former Czechoslovakia, the US state of Illinois, and the Leeward Islands. Under the synonym Glandularia peruviana, its cultivar 'Balendpibi' (trade name Endurascape Pink Bicolor) has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Verbena peruviana", CC BY-SA 4.0; its title is one of this species' older names (GBIF Backbone), which is the proof that the article is this species'.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (840 mm of 1,125 mm) falls in October to April, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 20.4 °C against a yearly mean of 16.9 °C). Months are the habitat's, southern hemisphere; shifted six months for a northern-hemisphere collection: April to October.

Rain

1,125 mm in the median year at the habitat, 840 mm of it October to April. Wettest months (2 at 130 mm), driest month July at 42 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 857 mm to 1,609 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,189 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,125 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, southern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 16 to 46 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 14, the highest 90th-percentile month 48).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -0.5 °C, the absolute minimum -5.2 °C, 227 frost nights in 44 years, 5.2 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 39.3 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 6.9 °C in July (across the grid cells of the range 2.8 °C to 11.7 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 28.6 °C in January (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -0.5 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 57 to 62% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +57 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, southern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Glandularia peruviana through the yearWarmest month January, mean daily high 29 °C; coldest month July, mean nightly low 6.9 °C; 1,125 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, southern hemisphere.-10°0°10°20°30°40°50°frost39.3° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-5.2° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200250mm rainDLI 16–46RH 57–62%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 643 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C29 / 25–3127 / 24–3025 / 22–2922 / 19–2618 / 15–2216 / 13–2015 / 12–2018 / 14–2219 / 16–2422 / 19–2625 / 22–2827 / 24–30
Night °C19 / 15–2218 / 14–2217 / 13–2113 / 10–1810 / 7–148 / 4–137 / 3–128 / 4–139 / 6–1412 / 9–1715 / 12–1917 / 14–21
Rain mm128 / 95–217130 / 102–177130 / 101–168106 / 65–17780 / 26–13451 / 7–12042 / 14–10945 / 10–10367 / 31–129109 / 67–146118 / 91–178119 / 88–207
DLI45 / 40–4739 / 36–4232 / 30–3324 / 23–2619 / 17–2116 / 14–1917 / 15–2123 / 20–2729 / 27–3336 / 35–3842 / 40–4446 / 42–48
RH %58 / 55–6259 / 56–6360 / 58–6461 / 59–6461 / 59–6462 / 57–6561 / 55–6458 / 53–6358 / 53–6258 / 54–6258 / 54–6157 / 54–61
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 643 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (995 records in those cells; 1 more cell holds records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cell is left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 2423:2331 (-31.175, -63.425). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -5.2 °C, 1st-percentile night -0.5 °C, 99th-percentile day 39.3 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 643 distinct grid cells holding 995 of the 997 in-range records (1 further cell with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 2423:2331 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -31.00_-63.125, lapse-corrected +57 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 177 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.

This species has no GBIF key of its own. Its records are GBIF's under the key of the name Kew's World Checklist holds as this plant: 2925587 (Verbena peruviana (L.) Britton, 1842 records). No name was matched to GBIF; the keys are read from Kew's synonymy. How.

NativeBolivia, Brazil South, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Paraguay, Uruguay · introduced: Czechoslovakia, Germany, Illinois, Leeward Is. AB Ant · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker-31.581, -64.565 · in the densest population, 925 records (67% of those in range)
Kew's description“subshrub” · “subtropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 1372 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 995 of them in the land cells it reads, of 997 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 584 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 933 km away. 34 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 375 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
Other GBIF keysRecords also from GBIF's key 2925587 (Verbena peruviana (L.) Britton): Kew's file holds it as Verbena peruviana (L.) Britton (synonym under Glandularia peruviana (L.) Small); 1,842 records, from GBIF's download.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 1372 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Glandularia peruviana, photograph 1did not loadGlandularia peruviana, photograph 2did not loadGlandularia peruviana, photograph 3did not loadGlandularia peruviana, photograph 4did not loadGlandularia peruviana, photograph 5did not loadGlandularia peruviana, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: Zanchetta Fabio (faxstaff), CC BY-SA 2.5, via Wikimedia Commons (3); [ https://www.flickr.com/people/43206694@N03 M�rcia Stefani], CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons; Diego Delso, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons; Hedwig Storch, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Turnera sidoides Turnera sidoides Turneraceae Photo: CC0, author not statedIbicella lutea Ibicella lutea Yellow unicorn-plant Photo: CC BY, María ZetaPhysalis viscosa Physalis viscosa Stellate ground-cherry Photo: CC BY, RAPAsclepias mellodora Asclepias mellodora Apocynaceae Photo: CC BY, RAPCeltis tala Celtis tala Desert Hackberry Photo: CC BY, Holger BraunOxypetalum solanoides Oxypetalum solanoides Apocynaceae Photo: CC BY, Lucila Trussi

Other Glandularia 18 in the reference

Glandularia aristigera Glandularia aristigera Verbenaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Paul venter Glandularia berteroi Verbenaceae Glandularia bipinnatifida Glandularia bipinnatifida Verbenaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Copyright by Curtis Clark, licensed as…Glandularia chiricahensis Glandularia chiricahensis Verbenaceae Photo: CC0, Patrick Alexander from Las Cruces, NMGlandularia dissecta Glandularia dissecta Verbenaceae Photo: CC BY, SofocadorGlandularia gooddingii Glandularia gooddingii Verbenaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Stan Shebs Glandularia laciniata Verbenaceae Glandularia latilobata Verbenaceae Glandularia maritima Glandularia maritima Verbenaceae Photo: Public domain, Everglades NPS from Homestead, Florida… Glandularia platensis Verbenaceae Glandularia polyantha Verbenaceae Glandularia pubera Verbenaceae all 19 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Erinus peruvianus; Verbena sanguinea; Verbena peruviana; Verbenella chamaedryfolia; Verbena platensis var. latiuscula and 11 more. (WCVP, RBG Kew)

IPNIPOWOWikidataWFOWikipedia

The record

Family
Verbenaceae
Described by
(L.) Small
Native to
Bolivia, Brazil South, Argentina Northeast +3
Wild records
1372 in range · 584 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
Kew's names (WCVP) kew.names answeredas of 2026-06-04Kew's entry Glandularia peruviana (L.) Small (plant_name_id 89973), read from Kew's names file
GBIF species record gbif.species not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21this species has no GBIF key of its own; its records are read under GBIF's keys for the names Kew's file holds as this plant, never by a name matched; GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 1842 records of GBIF's key 2925587, Verbena peruviana (L.) Britton (Kew's file holds it as Verbena peruviana (L.) Britton (synonym under Glandularia peruviana (L.) Small)): the GBIF download; 18 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (16 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 2 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -31.00_-63.125, lapse-corrected +57 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22found by Kew's IPNI identifier 110637-2, POWO 110637-2
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22Wikipedia redirects Glandularia peruviana to Verbena peruviana, an older name of this species (Verbena peruviana)
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild not asked
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
Wikimedia Commons commons answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 72 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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