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Gmelina asiatica; photograph author not stated, no rights reserved CC0author not stated, no rights reserved · observed growing wild · 2026-06-10

Gmelina asiatica L.

Asian bushbeech

Lamiaceae · Bangladesh, India +8

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Gmelina asiatica, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedGmelina asiatica, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedGmelina asiatica, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedGmelina asiatica, photograph (c) Vikas D Prasad, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)Gmelina asiatica, photograph (c) Frances Oliver, some rights reserved (CC BY)Gmelina asiatica, photograph (c) Swarochi Tathagath, some rights reserved (CC BY) 87 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
15.1°C
Record low 11.9 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
33°C
Mar, Apr and May at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,131mm
9 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
29–43DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
A rainy season, July to November, neither the cool nor the warm half of the year. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Gmelina asiatica is a plant species, described by Linnaeus, in the family Lamiaceae (but previously placed on the Verbenaceae). No subspecies are listed in the Catalogue of Life.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Gmelina asiatica", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Gmelina

Gmelina is a genus of plants in the family Lamiaceae. It consists of about 35 species, native to Australia, Southeast Asia, India, New Guinea and New Caledonia. Some species such as G. arborea have been planted and/or become naturalised in India, Africa and Australia. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Gmelina", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a rainy season with no name: 70% of the median year's rain (708 mm of 990 mm) falls in July to November, whose mean temperature, 27.0 °C, is within half a degree of the year's, 26.9 °C, so it is neither the cooler nor the warmer part of the year. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: January to May.

Rain

990 mm in the median year at the habitat, 708 mm of it July to November. Wettest month October at 187 mm, driest month February at 9 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 852 mm to 1,555 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,131 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 990 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 29 to 43 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 26, the highest 90th-percentile month 45).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 15.1 °C, the absolute minimum 11.9 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 42.5 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 18.2 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 14.7 °C to 22.5 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 33.2 °C in April (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 15.1 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 56 to 64% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -189 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Gmelina asiatica through the yearWarmest months March, April and May, mean daily high 33 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 18.2 °C; 990 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.10°20°30°40°50°42.5° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER11.9° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400mm rainDLI 29–43RH 56–64%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 68 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C28 / 27–3030 / 28–3233 / 30–3533 / 31–3733 / 31–3831 / 28–3631 / 27–3430 / 26–3430 / 27–3330 / 27–3128 / 26–3027 / 26–29
Night °C18 / 15–2320 / 16–2322 / 19–2525 / 21–2726 / 21–2826 / 20–2825 / 20–2725 / 20–2725 / 19–2623 / 19–2521 / 17–2419 / 15–23
Rain mm12 / 2–729 / 3–4216 / 9–6446 / 17–11379 / 51–12973 / 31–18295 / 41–270125 / 45–258157 / 77–232187 / 131–277144 / 33–32547 / 7–204
DLI32 / 31–3638 / 36–4143 / 40–4443 / 39–4541 / 37–4335 / 30–3732 / 26–3732 / 26–3834 / 30–3831 / 30–3429 / 27–3129 / 27–32
RH %60 / 53–6258 / 51–6256 / 49–6257 / 52–6359 / 53–6562 / 54–6662 / 54–6663 / 55–6663 / 58–6664 / 61–6663 / 58–6762 / 55–65
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 68 grid cells holding the 88 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1555:5180 (12.225, 79.025). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 11.9 °C, 1st-percentile night 15.1 °C, 99th-percentile day 42.5 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 68 distinct grid cells holding 88 of the 88 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1555:5180 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 12.00_78.750, lapse-corrected -189 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 188 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeBangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Andaman Is., Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Nicobar Is., Thailand, Vietnam · introduced: Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Philippines · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker12.882, 77.527 · in the densest population, 50 records (36% of those in range)
Kew's description“scrambling shrub” · “seasonally dry tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 138 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 88 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 71 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 192 km away. 198 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 50 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 138 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Gmelina asiatica, photograph 1did not loadGmelina asiatica, photograph 2did not loadGmelina asiatica, photograph 3did not loadGmelina asiatica, photograph 4did not loadGmelina asiatica, photograph 5did not loadGmelina asiatica, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (3); (c) Vikas D Prasad, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA); (c) Frances Oliver, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Swarochi Tathagath, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Lagerstroemia tomentosa Lagerstroemia tomentosa Lythraceae Photo: CC BY, Board of Trustees, RBG KewRuellia prostrata Ruellia prostrata Prostrate wild petunia Photo: CC0, author not statedCalotropis gigantea Calotropis gigantea Giant milkweed Photo: CC0, author not statedOuret lanata Ouret lanata Aerva Photo: CC BY, white_cheeked_barbetEuphorbia antiquorum Euphorbia antiquorum Triangular spurge Photo: CC BY, Raja Sekhar ChimiralaCassia roxburghii Cassia roxburghii Roxburgh's cassia Photo: CC BY, Aparna

Other Gmelina 7 in the reference

Gmelina arborea Gmelina arborea Lamiaceae Photo: CC BY, Sayee GirdhariGmelina chinensis Gmelina chinensis Lamiaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedGmelina dalrympleana Gmelina dalrympleana Grey Teak Photo: CC BY, Kai SquiresGmelina elliptica Gmelina elliptica Badhara-bush Photo: CC BY-SA, Cheongweei GanGmelina fasciculiflora Gmelina fasciculiflora Northern White Beech Photo: CC BY-SA, Steve FitzgeraldGmelina leichhardtii Gmelina leichhardtii Queensland-beech Photo: CC BY, Samuel FrankelGmelina philippensis Gmelina philippensis Wild sage Photo: CC BY, thomas_oswald

Names & registers

Also known as Bignonia discolor; Bignonia moluccana; Gmelina asiatica f. lobata; Gmelina asiatica f. parvifolia; Gmelina attenuata and 5 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Lamiaceae
Described by
L.
Native to
Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka +7
Wild records
138 in range · 71 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 3 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (1 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 1 at a herbarium, 1 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 12.00_78.750, lapse-corrected -189 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 26 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…