Species
+

Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp.

Bittertea, Bittertea Vernonia, Chew-Sticks, Ityuna

Climate known 65 photographs
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Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.

About the genus · Gymnanthemum

Gymnanthemum is a genus of plants in the tribe Vernonieae within the family Asteraceae. Species of the genus are found in Asia, Africa and South America.Species

Text from Wikipedia, “Gymnanthemum”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.

Family
Asteraceae
Described by
(Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp.
Native to
Benin, Burkina, Guinea +34
Wild records
942 in range· 856 open

At a glance

Warmest month
30°C
Feb, mean day; nights 21 °C (CHELSA)
Rain
1206mm/yr
12 wet months · peak Sep 133 mm (CHELSA)
Light
27–37DLI
mol/m²/day, winter to summer, open sky (CHELSA shortwave)
In short condensed by rule from the cultivation cards · not written by a person
Rain rule: a sharp rainy season, March to July and September to October at the habitat (not shifted); the temperature curve is flat (3.4 °C of range), so no growing season is inferred. Habitat rain 1206 mm a year, wettest September at 133 mm, driest January at 57 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere). Open sky over the habitat: 27 to 37 mol/m²/day. Cold floor 15.1 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).
Each sentence is one card's own one-line form, written by the same rule as the card (Its year, Rain, Light, Temperature); the note cannot say what a card does not. Months are given for the northern hemisphere (set your site in Settings to change this), and the habitat's own alongside. The cards · the figures.

Also known as Bracheilema paniculatum R.Br.; Cacalia amygdalina (Delile) Kuntze; Cheliusia abyssinica Sch.Bip.; Cheliusia abyssinica Sch.Bip. ex A.Rich., 1848; Decaneurum amygdalinum (Delile) DC. and 18 more.

Cultivation

Its year Rain rule: a sharp rainy season, March to July and September to October at the habitat (not shifted); the temperature curve is flat (3.4 °C of range), so no growing season is inferred.

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads a sharp season: 70% of the year's rain (845 mm of 1206 mm) falls in March to July and September to October. The temperature curve is flat, 3.4 °C between the warmest and coldest month, so the growing-season rule does not infer a growing season from it. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere, within 10° of the equator; with no thermal season there there is no season to reverse, so they are not shifted for a collection elsewhere.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain Habitat rain 1206 mm a year, wettest September at 133 mm, driest January at 57 mm (habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

1206 mm a year at the habitat, 845 mm of it March to July and September to October. Wettest month September at 133 mm, driest January at 57 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 854 mm to 2282 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, northern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light Open sky over the habitat: 27 to 37 mol/m²/day.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 27 to 37 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 23, the highest 90th-percentile month 42).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Warmth and air Cold floor 15.1 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is 15.1 °C, the absolute minimum 11.3 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 42.8 °C. Monthly means: coldest night 18.9 °C in July (across the envelope cells 11.0 °C to 22.9 °C), warmest day 29.8 °C in February (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: 15.1 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 60 to 65% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.

The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat climate through the yearMean day from 26 °C in Jul to 30 °C in Feb; mean night from 19 °C in Jul to 22 °C in Mar. The cold quarter, Jun to Aug, is the three months around the coldest night. 1206 mm of rain a year, most in Sep. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 796 habitat cells. Over 44 years at the typical cell the absolute minimum was 11.3 °C and the 99th-percentile day 42.8 °C; neither is dated to a month. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.10°20°30°40°50°42.8° 99th-percentile day (undated)11.3° lowest night in 44 yrs (undated)°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400mm rainDLI 27–37RH 60–65 %JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain 10th–90th percentile across 796 habitat cells cold quarter: the three months around the coldest night extremes over 44 years at the typical cell, marked at the edge: undated DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C29 / 25–3430 / 26–3629 / 26–3629 / 24–3528 / 23–3327 / 22–3126 / 21–3027 / 23–2928 / 24–3128 / 24–3329 / 25–3429 / 25–34
Night °C20 / 15–2421 / 16–2422 / 16–2521 / 15–2521 / 13–2520 / 12–2419 / 11–2319 / 12–2320 / 14–2320 / 15–2320 / 15–2420 / 15–24
Rain mm57 / 1–26364 / 2–208112 / 21–235120 / 37–238126 / 21–261119 / 6–289112 / 4–28585 / 6–303133 / 14–299123 / 29–25788 / 8–21767 / 1–244
DLI36 / 32–4037 / 34–4236 / 32–4233 / 29–4031 / 25–3729 / 23–3527 / 23–3429 / 24–3633 / 26–4034 / 28–4135 / 30–4035 / 31–39
RH %60 / 38–6761 / 36–6762 / 44–6863 / 51–6864 / 54–6963 / 52–7064 / 50–7065 / 49–7164 / 50–7063 / 54–7062 / 48–6962 / 40–68

Each figure is the median across the 796 grid cells holding the 935 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 1619:3863 (9.025, 13.175). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 11.3 °C, 1st-percentile night 15.1 °C, 99th-percentile day 42.8 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 796 distinct grid cells holding the 935 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1619:3863 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 9.00_13.125, lapse-corrected -76 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 218 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across every in-range record's cell, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeBenin, Burkina, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Togo, Central African Republic, Cameroon, Congo, Gabon, Gulf of Guinea Is., Zaïre, Chad, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, KwaZulu-Natal, Swaziland, Northern Provinces, Yemen, Bolivia, Brazil West-Central, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil North· introduced: India
Kew's description“shrub or tree” · “seasonally dry tropical”· quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Map marker6.97, 2.24 · in the densest population, 167 records (18% of those in range)
Evidence usedThe map marker and the climate envelope rest on all 942 georeferenced records inside the native range; the map shows only the 856 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker in the same place. 522 records outside the range (gardens, roadsides, misidentifications) ignored. 7 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km and stay on the map but off the climate.
The map markerthe map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 942 in-range records; it decides nothing.

Photographs

Gymnanthemum amygdalinumGymnanthemum amygdalinumGymnanthemum amygdalinumGymnanthemum amygdalinumGymnanthemum amygdalinumGymnanthemum amygdalinumGymnanthemum amygdalinumGymnanthemum amygdalinum

Photographs: (c) Tony Eales, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA) (2); (c) Robert Taylor, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2); (c) Abdul Hanif Arromy, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) 鄭雪雲, some rights reserved (CC BY); no rights reserved · CC0 (2).

Photographs: iNaturalist did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.

Papers naming this species

Works whose title or abstract names Gymnanthemum amygdalinum, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.

Biosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles using combinations of plant extracts and their antibacterial activity
Lucas Marcelino dos Santos Souza, Miriam Dibo, Juan J. Puño-Sarmiento, Amedea B. Seabra (2022) · Current Research in Green and Sustainable Chemistry
Influence of socio-demographic factors on medicinal plant knowledge among three selected ethnic groups in south-central Ethiopia
Sintayehu Tamene, Mesele Negash, Fortunatus Bulabo Makonda, Linley Chiwona‐Karltun (2024) · Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
Ethnoveterinary medicinal plants and their utilization by the people of Soro District, Hadiya Zone, southern Ethiopia
Mulatu Hankiso, Zemede Asfaw, Bikila Warkineh, Abiy Abebe (2024) · Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine
Morfologia de espécies medicinais de boldo cultivadas no Brasil
José Martins Fernandes, Célia Regina Lopes, Anderson Alex Sandro Domingos de Almeida (2021) · Research Society and Development
Ethnobotanical Survey of Plants Used as Biopesticides by Indigenous People of Plateau State, Nigeria
Ahmed Difa Ali, Lydia Doosuur Ior, Goni Abraham Dogo, John Israila Joshua (2022) · Diversity
Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Asteraceae) - A New Addition to the Flora of Peninsular India
J. Swamy (2015) · International Journal of Advanced Research in Science and Technology
Anatomical characters of the medicinal leaf and stem of Gymnanthemum amygdalinum (Delile) Sch.Bip. ex Walp. (Asteraceae)
Márcia do Rocio Duarte, Ariane Goncalves da Silva (2013) · Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
Anti-inflammatory potential of african leaf water extract
Lusi Agus Setiani, Zaldi Rusli (2020) · Journal of Agriculture and Applied Biology

Similar habitat climate the 6 species whose habitat climate is nearest this one's: mean day and night, month by month, and rain on a log scale, in calendar order, so a habitat with the same seasons six months out is far, not near. Nothing else counts: not range, not family.

History & registers

Where this page came from built 2026-09-20 · dossier v2 · node
gbif.species answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.synonyms answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
gbif.vernacular answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (offline re-derivation; the backbone was not asked)
wcvp.distribution answered
gbif.occurrences answeredGBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.3h4zam
climate answered
wikidata answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
wikipedia nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-19; this build: skipped
inat.taxon not asked
inat.photos.wild answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19; this build: skipped
inat.photos.cultivated nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
commons nothing to reportcarried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive); that build: carried from build of 2026-09-19 (rederive)
gbif.media answered
openalex answeredcarried from build of 2026-09-19; this build: skipped

Every upstream is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, or refused. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 136 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.