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Linaria floridana; photograph Malcolm Manners from Lakeland FL, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons CC BYMalcolm Manners from Lakeland FL, USA, CC BY 2.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Linaria floridana Chapm.

Plantaginaceae · Alabama, Florida +2

English names not checked: Wikidata's common names were not read for this page.

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Sow seed
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
0.6°C
Record low -7.8 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
32°C
Jul at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,359mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
19–41DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes March and May to October, read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

About the genus · Linaria

Linaria is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantaginaceae.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Linaria", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (1,029 mm of 1,355 mm) falls in March and May to October, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 24.8 °C against a yearly mean of 21.8 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: November to April and September.

Rain

1,355 mm in the median year at the habitat, 1,029 mm of it March and May to October. Wettest month August at 198 mm, driest month November at 56 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,306 mm to 1,582 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,359 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,355 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 19 to 41 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 18, the highest 90th-percentile month 42).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 0.6 °C, the absolute minimum -7.8 °C, 123 frost nights in 44 years, 2.8 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 36.6 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 11.1 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 8.4 °C to 15.0 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 31.7 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 0.6 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 57 to 64% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +10 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Linaria floridana through the yearWarmest month July, mean daily high 32 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 11.1 °C; 1,355 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost36.6° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-7.8° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200250mm rainDLI 19–41RH 57–64%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 199 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C21 / 16–2222 / 17–2424 / 20–2627 / 23–2830 / 26–3131 / 29–3232 / 30–3231 / 30–3230 / 28–3127 / 25–2824 / 21–2622 / 17–23
Night °C11 / 8–1512 / 10–1614 / 12–1717 / 15–1920 / 19–2223 / 22–2524 / 23–2624 / 23–2623 / 22–2520 / 18–2316 / 14–2013 / 10–17
Rain mm66 / 52–11172 / 66–134102 / 88–13966 / 62–10488 / 66–114193 / 155–221190 / 161–203198 / 175–214171 / 151–19687 / 72–13256 / 51–10466 / 51–117
DLI22 / 20–2226 / 25–2732 / 32–3339 / 38–4041 / 40–4238 / 37–4038 / 37–4035 / 34–3731 / 30–3227 / 26–2822 / 21–2319 / 18–20
RH %58 / 58–5958 / 58–5958 / 57–6057 / 56–6058 / 57–6263 / 62–6463 / 63–6464 / 63–6564 / 61–6461 / 59–6159 / 58–5959 / 58–60
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 199 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (406 records in those cells; 15 more cells hold records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cells are left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1231:1970 (28.425, -81.475). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -7.8 °C, 1st-percentile night 0.6 °C, 99th-percentile day 36.6 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 199 distinct grid cells holding 406 of the 426 in-range records (15 further cells with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1231:1970 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 28.50_-81.250, lapse-corrected +10 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 32 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.

This species has no GBIF key of its own. Its records are GBIF's under the key of the name Kew's World Checklist holds as this plant: 3172132 (Nuttallanthus floridanus (Chapm.) D.A.Sutton, 674 records). No name was matched to GBIF; the keys are read from Kew's synonymy. How.

NativeAlabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker27.94, -81.489 · in the densest population, 412 records (73% of those in range)
Kew's description“annual or biennial” · “subtropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 562 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 406 of them in the land cells it reads, of 426 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 176 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 40 km away. 2 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 136 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
Other GBIF keysRecords also from GBIF's key 3172132 (Nuttallanthus floridanus (Chapm.) D.A.Sutton): Kew's file holds it as Nuttallanthus floridanus (Chapm.) D.A.Sutton (synonym under Linaria floridana Chapm.); 674 records, from GBIF's download.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 562 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Elephantopus elatus Elephantopus elatus Tall Elephant's-foot Photo: CC BY, xanderferretPterocaulon pycnostachyum Pterocaulon pycnostachyum Dense-spike blackroot Photo: CC BY, xanderferretPhysalis arenicola Physalis arenicola Cypresshead groundcherry Photo: CC0, author not statedVaccinium myrsinites Vaccinium myrsinites Evergreen blueberry Photo: CC BY, xanderferretSyngonanthus flavidulus Syngonanthus flavidulus Yellow hatpins Photo: CC BY, James HardeeBalduina angustifolia Balduina angustifolia Coastal plain honeycombhead Photo: CC0, author not stated

Other Linaria 30 in the reference

Linaria aeruginea Linaria aeruginea Roadside toadflax Photo: CC BY, Santiago Martín-BravoLinaria alpina Linaria alpina Alpine Toadflax Photo: CC BY, Antoine ThivolleLinaria amethystea Linaria amethystea Plantaginaceae Photo: CC BY, zebedeugalinhaLinaria angustissima Linaria angustissima Narrow-leaved Toadflax Photo: CC BY, Noé Fleury FrouartLinaria arvensis Linaria arvensis Corn toadflax Photo: CC BY, Joe DillonLinaria becerrae Linaria becerrae Plantaginaceae Photo: CC BY, Diego Nieto Lugilde Linaria canadensis Plantaginaceae Linaria dalmatica Linaria dalmatica Dalmatian toadflax Photo: CC0, author not statedLinaria elegans Linaria elegans Plantaginaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedLinaria genistifolia Linaria genistifolia Broomleaf toadflax Photo: CC0, author not statedLinaria grandiflora Linaria grandiflora Plantaginaceae Photo: CC BY, David Jackson Linaria huteri Plantaginaceae all 31 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Nuttallanthus floridanus. (WCVP, RBG Kew)

IPNIPOWOWikidataWFO

The record

Family
Plantaginaceae
Described by
Chapm.
Native to
Alabama, Florida, Georgia +1
Wild records
562 in range · 176 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
Kew's names (WCVP) kew.names answeredas of 2026-06-04Kew's entry Linaria floridana Chapm. (plant_name_id 2499570), read from Kew's names file
GBIF species record gbif.species not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21this species has no GBIF key of its own; its records are read under GBIF's keys for the names Kew's file holds as this plant, never by a name matched; GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 674 records of GBIF's key 3172132, Nuttallanthus floridanus (Chapm.) D.A.Sutton (Kew's file holds it as Nuttallanthus floridanus (Chapm.) D.A.Sutton (synonym under Linaria floridana Chapm.)): the GBIF download; 16 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (16 at a botanic garden or arboretum; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 28.50_-81.250, lapse-corrected +10 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22found by Kew's IPNI identifier 279676-2, POWO 279676-2
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist taxon inat.taxon not asked
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild not asked
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media not askedGBIF's backbone holds no one accepted species of this name, and a name it holds only as another species' synonym is not taken for this one, so GBIF's records were not asked
Wikimedia Commons commons answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 28 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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