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Lolium temulentum; photograph Joshua, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIF CC0Joshua, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIF

Lolium temulentum L.

Darnel; Bearded ryegrass; Bearded darnel; Poison darnel

Poaceae · Austria, Czechoslovakia +68

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Lolium temulentum, photograph (c) Adam J. Searcy, some rights reserved (CC BY)Lolium temulentum, photograph (c) Adam J. Searcy, some rights reserved (CC BY)Lolium temulentum, photograph (c) Adam J. Searcy, some rights reserved (CC BY)Lolium temulentum, photograph (c) Northcut, some rights reserved (CC BY)Lolium temulentum, photograph (c) Roz Hunter, some rights reserved (CC BY)Lolium temulentum, photograph (c) Cleveland Powell, some rights reserved (CC BY) 14 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-3.8°C
Record low -10.4 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
24°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
867mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
7–38DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Lolium temulentum, commonly known as darnel, poison darnel, darnel ryegrass or cockle, is an annual flowering plant in the grass family Poaceae. The plant stem can grow up to one meter tall, with inflorescence in the ears and purple grain. It has a cosmopolitan distribution.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Lolium temulentum", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (624 mm of 876 mm) takes 8 months, September to January and April to June. Mean temperature moves 16.4 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: March to July and October to December.

Rain

876 mm in the median year at the habitat, 624 mm of it September to January and April to June. Wettest month October at 89 mm, driest month February at 60 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 636 mm to 1,308 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 867 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 876 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 7 to 38 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 5, the highest 90th-percentile month 47).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -3.8 °C, the absolute minimum -10.4 °C, 2,151 frost nights in 44 years, 48.9 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 35.4 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 0.4 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -5.6 °C to 4.8 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 24.2 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -3.8 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 58 to 66% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -94 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Lolium temulentum through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 24 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 0.4 °C; 876 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost35.4° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-10.4° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0255075100125150mm rainDLI 7–38RH 58–66%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 579 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C7 / 2–118 / 3–1311 / 7–1614 / 11–1818 / 15–2222 / 18–2724 / 21–3024 / 20–2920 / 17–2516 / 12–2010 / 6–157 / 3–12
Night °C0 / -6–51 / -5–53 / -2–75 / 1–99 / 6–1212 / 10–1615 / 12–1915 / 12–1912 / 9–169 / 5–134 / 0–91 / -4–6
Rain mm73 / 47–11860 / 39–9563 / 43–9871 / 49–10777 / 50–12470 / 30–11562 / 13–12167 / 20–12172 / 49–11489 / 63–13485 / 56–13587 / 56–139
DLI9 / 6–1415 / 11–2123 / 18–2930 / 28–3635 / 33–4237 / 34–4638 / 33–4733 / 28–4225 / 20–3216 / 12–2210 / 7–157 / 5–12
RH %65 / 60–6963 / 59–6661 / 56–6459 / 56–6260 / 55–6259 / 54–6258 / 53–6259 / 54–6361 / 57–6464 / 59–6666 / 60–6966 / 60–70
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 579 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (622 records in those cells; 6 more cells hold records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cells are left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 955:3457 (42.225, -7.125). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -10.4 °C, 1st-percentile night -3.8 °C, 99th-percentile day 35.4 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 579 distinct grid cells holding 622 of the 628 in-range records (6 further cells with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 955:3457 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 42.00_-6.875, lapse-corrected -94 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 851 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeAustria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia, Belarus, Baltic States, Krym, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine, Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Azores, Canary Is., Madeira, Selvagens, Krasnoyarsk, Tuva, Kazakhstan, Kirgizistan, Turkmenistan, Tadzhikistan, Uzbekistan, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Afghanistan, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Turkey, Gulf States, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Manchuria, China North-Central, Qinghai, China Southeast, Tibet, Xinjiang, Korea, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya, Myanmar · introduced: Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Germany, Switzerland, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Socotra, Kenya, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, Cape Provinces, Lesotho, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Northern Provinces, Mauritius, Réunion, Kuril Is., Primorye, Sakhalin, Japan, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, Nepal, Jawa, Philippines, New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, New Zealand North, New Zealand South, New Caledonia, Hawaii, Alaska, Yukon, Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Ontario, Québec, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, North Dakota, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode I., Vermont, West Virginia, Arizona, California, New Mexico, Texas, Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Mexico Central, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Guatemala, Panama, Cuba, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil Southeast, Brazil South, Argentina Northeast, Argentina South, Argentina Northwest, Chile Central, Chile South, Uruguay, South Georgia · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker47.148, 7.257 · in the densest population, 519 records (59% of those in range)
Doubtfully present inSinai · recorded by WCVP as doubtfully present: not part of the range records are tested against
Kew's description“annual” · “subtropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 883 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 622 of them in the land cells it reads, of 628 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 606 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 22 km away. 649 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 255 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 883 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Lolium temulentum, photograph 1did not loadLolium temulentum, photograph 2did not loadLolium temulentum, photograph 3did not loadLolium temulentum, photograph 4did not loadLolium temulentum, photograph 5did not loadLolium temulentum, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) Adam J. Searcy, some rights reserved (CC BY) (3); (c) Northcut, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Roz Hunter, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Cleveland Powell, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Delphinium ajacis Delphinium ajacis Rocket larkspur Photo: CC BY, olmagonSeseli montanum Seseli montanum Apiaceae Photo: CC BY, Yves BasLysimachia foemina Lysimachia foemina Blue Pimpernel Photo: CC BY, Bobo-XVicia ervilia Vicia ervilia Bitter vetch Photo: CC BY, Marc RieraOrnithogalum pyrenaicum Ornithogalum pyrenaicum Spiked star-of-Bethlehem Photo: CC BY, zebedeugalinhaRosa agrestis Rosa agrestis Small-leaved Sweet-briar Photo: CC BY, Bobo-X

Other Lolium 8 in the reference

Lolium arundinaceum Lolium arundinaceum Tall ryegrass Photo: CC BY, Matthew FloodLolium giganteum Lolium giganteum Giant ryegrass Photo: CC BY, Марина СадыковаLolium mairei Lolium mairei Atlas fescue Photo: Public domain, DaderotLolium multiflorum Lolium multiflorum Italian rye-grass Photo: CC BY, Fabrício Mil Homens RiellaLolium perenne Lolium perenne Perennial ryegrass Photo: CC0, author not statedLolium pratense Lolium pratense Meadow ryegrass Photo: CC BY, Yurii BasovLolium remotum Lolium remotum Flaxfield Rye-grass Photo: CC BY-SA, Don ManfredoLolium rigidum Lolium rigidum Mediterranean Rye-grass Photo: CC BY, Jared Shorma

Names & registers

Also known as Bromus temulentus; Craepalia temulenta; Festuca temulenta; Loliola pratensis; Lolium aegyptiacum and 66 more. (GBIF Backbone)

Under another author Lolium giganteum Roem. & Schult. is an older name of this species, not Lolium giganteum, a species of the reference; Lolium multiflorum Clairv., 1811 is an older name of this species, not Lolium multiflorum, a species of the reference. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Poaceae
Described by
L.
Native to
Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary +67
Wild records
883 in range · 606 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 61 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (43 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 3 at a herbarium, 15 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 42.00_-6.875, lapse-corrected -94 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 238 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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