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Malus toringo; photograph Ryan Sorrells, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF CC BYRyan Sorrells, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF

Malus toringo (Siebold) de Vriese

Toringa crab apple; Toringo crab; Japanese crabapple; Siebold crabapple

Rosaceae · Sakhalin, China South-Central +4

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Malus toringo, photograph Ryan Sorrells, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFMalus toringo, photograph Charlie O'Brien, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIFMalus toringo, photograph Charlie O'Brien, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIFMalus toringo, photograph Rochelle Davis, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFMalus toringo, photograph Rochelle Davis, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFMalus toringo, photograph Nathan Aaron, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF 24 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-12.0°C
Record low -18.1 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
27°C
Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,414mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
15–37DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes May to September, read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Malus sieboldii, commonly called Siebold's crab, Siebold's crabapple or Toringo crabapple, is a species of crabapple in the family Rosaceae.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Malus sieboldii", CC BY-SA 4.0; its title is one of this species' older names (GBIF Backbone), which is the proof that the article is this species'.

About the genus · Malus

Malus is a genus of about 32–57 species of small deciduous trees or shrubs in the rose family Rosaceae. It includes the domesticated orchard apple, crabapples, and wild apples.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Malus", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (1,081 mm of 1,449 mm) falls in May to September, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 21.3 °C against a yearly mean of 12.5 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: November to March.

Rain

1,449 mm in the median year at the habitat, 1,081 mm of it May to September. Wettest month July at 323 mm, driest month December at 33 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,280 mm to 2,202 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,414 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,449 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 15 to 37 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 14, the highest 90th-percentile month 38).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -12.0 °C, the absolute minimum -18.1 °C, 5,360 frost nights in 44 years, 121.8 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 31.5 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -4.4 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -9.1 °C to 1.2 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 27.0 °C in August (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -12.0 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 56 to 69% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +117 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Malus toringo through the yearWarmest month August, mean daily high 27 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low -4.4 °C; 1,449 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost31.5° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-18.1° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400500mm rainDLI 15–37RH 56–69%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 67 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C3 / 0–64 / 3–69 / 7–1116 / 11–1720 / 15–2224 / 19–2626 / 23–2827 / 25–2923 / 22–2518 / 16–2012 / 9–135 / 3–8
Night °C-4 / -9–1-3 / -7–21 / -2–47 / 4–912 / 10–1317 / 15–1821 / 19–2222 / 19–2417 / 14–2110 / 7–153 / 0–9-2 / -6–4
Rain mm37 / 25–7345 / 27–7060 / 48–10683 / 71–153103 / 93–184187 / 138–297323 / 265–423297 / 239–441171 / 149–27255 / 48–9755 / 44–8433 / 22–56
DLI16 / 14–1822 / 21–2429 / 28–3035 / 34–3637 / 36–3835 / 33–3630 / 27–3230 / 28–3227 / 26–2924 / 23–2517 / 16–1915 / 14–17
RH %56 / 55–6056 / 54–5856 / 55–5956 / 54–6059 / 56–6462 / 60–6969 / 65–7367 / 64–6962 / 61–6458 / 57–5957 / 55–5956 / 55–59
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 67 grid cells holding the 74 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1074:6133 (36.275, 126.675). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -18.1 °C, 1st-percentile night -12.0 °C, 99th-percentile day 31.5 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 67 distinct grid cells holding 74 of the 74 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1074:6133 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 36.50_126.875, lapse-corrected +117 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 219 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeSakhalin, China South-Central, Manchuria, China North-Central, China Southeast, Korea · introduced: Great Britain, Germany, Baltic States, Ukraine, Ontario, Oregon, Washington, Illinois, Kansas, Wisconsin, Massachusetts, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Kentucky, Maryland, Virginia · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker35.638, 127.462 · in the densest population, 72 records (38% of those in range)
Kew's description“tree” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 191 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 74 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 74 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 19 km away. 1175 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 117 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
Other GBIF keysRecords also from GBIF's key 11131064 (Malus toringo (Siebold ex Regel) Siebold ex DeVriese): Kew's file holds it as Malus toringo (Siebold) de Vriese (accepted); 0 records, from GBIF's search API on the day of the build.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 191 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Malus toringo, photograph 1did not loadMalus toringo, photograph 2did not loadMalus toringo, photograph 3did not loadMalus toringo, photograph 4did not loadMalus toringo, photograph 5did not loadMalus toringo, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: Ryan Sorrells, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF; Charlie O'Brien, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIF (2); Rochelle Davis, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF (2); Nathan Aaron, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF.

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Vitis flexuosa Vitis flexuosa Creeping grape Photo: CC BY, Timur KalininskyAsplenium incisum Asplenium incisum Long-tail spleenwort Photo: CC BY, Ashwin SrinivasanViburnum erosum Viburnum erosum Leather-leaf viburnum Photo: CC BY, plant 0302Murdannia keisak Murdannia keisak Marsh dewflower Photo: CC0, author not statedDryopteris lacera Dryopteris lacera Leathery wood fern Photo: CC BY, WATANABE Hitoshi 渡辺仁Akebia quinata Akebia quinata Chocolate vine Photo: CC BY, Stephen Thorpe

Other Malus 31 in the reference

Malus angustifolia Malus angustifolia Southern crab apple Photo: CC0, author not statedMalus asiatica Malus asiatica Chinese Pearleaf Crabapple Photo: CC BY-SA, Łukasz SzczurowskiMalus baccata Malus baccata Siberian crabapple Photo: CC0, author not statedMalus coronaria Malus coronaria Sweet crab apple Photo: CC BY, Skyler PrincipeMalus × dasyphylla Malus × dasyphylla Paradise Apple Photo: CC BY-SA, Stefan.lefnaerMalus delavayi Malus delavayi Rosaceae Photo: Public domain, DaderotMalus domestica Malus domestica Apple Photo: CC BY, Alexander DubyninMalus doumeri Malus doumeri Rosaceae Photo: CC BY, Jacy Chen Malus florentina Rosaceae Malus × floribunda Malus × floribunda Japanese crab Photo: CC BY, Owen and Carol Fawcett.Malus fusca Malus fusca Oregon crab apple Photo: CC0, author not statedMalus halliana Malus halliana Hall crab apple Photo: CC BY, Jo Roberts all 32 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Crataegus cavaleriei; Crataegus taquetii; Malus baccata subsp. toringo; Malus baccata var. toringo; Malus chinensis and 53 more. (GBIF Backbone)

Kew accepts as species of their own Malus floribunda: older names in GBIF's record of this species that Kew's World Checklist accepts as other species. (WCVP, RBG Kew, file of 2026-06-04)

Under another author Malus hupehensis Koidz. is an older name of this species, not Malus hupehensis, a species of the reference. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Rosaceae
Described by
(Siebold) de Vriese
Native to
Sakhalin, China South-Central, Manchuria +3
Wild records
191 in range · 74 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredasked 2026-10-22GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 0 records of GBIF's key 11131064, Malus toringo (Siebold ex Regel) Siebold ex DeVriese (Kew's file holds it as Malus toringo (Siebold) de Vriese (accepted)): GBIF occurrence search API; 48 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (39 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 3 at a herbarium, 6 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 36.50_126.875, lapse-corrected +117 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22found by the GBIF record of Malus sieboldii, an older name with the same type; IPNI and POWO linked by Kew's number for Malus toringo (Siebold) de Vriese (the item's: IPNI 726399-1, POWO 726399-1)
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 114 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…