Example ⟳ +
An example collection, so you can see what this page does. Nothing added here is kept: leaving deletes it.
Monarda luteola; photograph (c) saltyhiker, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) saltyhiker, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-05-25

Monarda luteola Singhurst & W.C.Holmes

Yellow Flowered Beebalm

Lamiaceae · Texas

Add one to my plants
Sow seed
Monarda luteola, photograph (c) Annika Lindqvist, some rights reserved (CC BY)Monarda luteola, photograph (c) Annika Lindqvist, some rights reserved (CC BY)Monarda luteola, photograph (c) Annika Lindqvist, some rights reserved (CC BY)Monarda luteola, photograph (c) Annika Lindqvist, some rights reserved (CC BY)Monarda luteola, photograph (c) Annika Lindqvist, some rights reserved (CC BY)Monarda luteola, photograph author not stated, no rights reserved 10 photographs ›
Habitat figuresfrom few records
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-6.3°C
Record low -17.2 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
34°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,217mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
16–42DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

From few records: 7 records in 7 grid cells. The records.

About the genus · Monarda

Monarda is a genus of flowering plants in the mint family, Lamiaceae. The genus is endemic to North America. Common names include bergamot, bee balm, horsemint, and oswego tea, the first being inspired by the fragrance of the leaves, which is reminiscent of bergamot orange. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Monarda", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (896 mm of 1,220 mm) takes 8 months, February to June and October to December. Mean temperature moves 20.6 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: April to June and August to December.

Rain

1,220 mm in the median year at the habitat, 896 mm of it February to June and October to December. Wettest month May at 128 mm, driest month August at 68 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,142 mm to 1,310 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,217 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,220 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 16 to 42 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 15, the highest 90th-percentile month 42).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -6.3 °C, the absolute minimum -17.2 °C, 1,591 frost nights in 44 years, 36.2 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 41.2 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 3.8 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 3.6 °C to 4.7 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 33.8 °C in August (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -6.3 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 57 to 60% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -36 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

From few records: this habitat climate is read from 7 records in 7 grid cells; a page says so under 12 records or 5 cells, and shows the figures as read.

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Monarda luteola through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 34 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 3.8 °C; 1,220 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°50°frost41.2° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-17.2° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0255075100125150mm rainDLI 16–42RH 57–60%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 7 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C13 / 13–1416 / 16–1620 / 20–2124 / 24–2528 / 28–2932 / 31–3234 / 34–3434 / 34–3430 / 30–3125 / 25–2619 / 19–1914 / 14–15
Night °C4 / 4–56 / 5–69 / 9–1014 / 13–1418 / 18–1922 / 22–2224 / 24–2424 / 24–2420 / 20–2115 / 15–1510 / 10–105 / 5–6
Rain mm88 / 80–95101 / 98–111114 / 102–12492 / 87–98128 / 120–134117 / 111–12383 / 66–9168 / 63–7585 / 77–91125 / 123–133109 / 102–119110 / 101–119
DLI17 / 17–1822 / 21–2228 / 28–2835 / 35–3537 / 37–3740 / 40–4042 / 41–4239 / 39–3932 / 32–3325 / 25–2518 / 18–1916 / 15–16
RH %59 / 59–6058 / 58–5957 / 57–585759 / 59–606058 / 57–5857 / 56–575757 / 57–585959 / 59–60
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 7 grid cells holding the 7 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1144:1690 (32.775, -95.475). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -17.2 °C, 1st-percentile night -6.3 °C, 99th-percentile day 41.2 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 7 distinct grid cells holding 7 of the 7 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1144:1690 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 33.00_-95.625, lapse-corrected -36 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 110 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeTexas · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker32.519, -95.35 · in the densest population, 59 records (84% of those in range)
Kew's description“subtropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 70 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 7 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 24 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 29 km away. Under a dozen records behind the climate. 63 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 70 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Monarda luteola, photograph 1did not loadMonarda luteola, photograph 2did not loadMonarda luteola, photograph 3did not loadMonarda luteola, photograph 4did not loadMonarda luteola, photograph 5did not loadMonarda luteola, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) Annika Lindqvist, some rights reserved (CC BY) (5); author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0.

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Rudbeckia maxima Rudbeckia maxima Great coneflower Photo: CC BY, Sam KieschnickCrataegus viridis Crataegus viridis Southern Thorn Photo: CC0, author not statedGalactia volubilis Galactia volubilis Downy milkpea Photo: CC BY, xanderferretOrbexilum simplex Orbexilum simplex Singlestem leather-root Photo: CC BY, Michael A. ThaibinhLiatris hesperelegans Liatris hesperelegans Pink-scale blazing star Photo: CC BY, Jaime GonzálezClematis carrizoensis Clematis carrizoensis Carrizo sands leather flower Photo: CC BY, Laura Clark

Other Monarda 15 in the reference

Monarda austroappalachiana Monarda austroappalachiana South Appalachian beebalm Photo: CC BY-SA, Stephan EselgrothMonarda bradburiana Monarda bradburiana Eastern bee-balm Photo: CC BY, Chris StahlMonarda citriodora Monarda citriodora Lemon beebalm Photo: CC BY, Matt MurrahMonarda clinopodia Monarda clinopodia Basil beebalm Photo: CC BY, Alan PratherMonarda clinopodioides Monarda clinopodioides Basil beebalm Photo: CC0, author not statedMonarda didyma Monarda didyma Oswego tea Photo: CC BY, Reuben A StugartMonarda fistulosa Monarda fistulosa Wild bergamot Photo: CC BY, Alaina KrakowiakMonarda fruticulosa Monarda fruticulosa Texas Sandsheet Beebalm Photo: CC BY, Clifton Ladd, C.W.B.Monarda lindheimeri Monarda lindheimeri Lindheimer's beebalm Photo: CC BY, Eric KnightMonarda media Monarda media Purple bergamot Photo: CC BY, Alex Abair Monarda × medioides Lamiaceae Monarda pectinata Monarda pectinata Plains beebalm Photo: CC BY, tzeducation all 16 ›

Names & registers

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataiNaturalist

The record

Family
Lamiaceae
Described by
Singhurst & W.C.Holmes
Native to
Texas
Wild records
70 in range · 24 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 33.00_-95.625, lapse-corrected -36 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22found by its label; its IPNI identifier 77114268-1 is Kew's for Monarda luteola Singhurst & W.C.Holmes
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22none of the photographs on this page is credited to GBIF: those shown are other sources', and GBIF's were the same photographs or were set aside by the photograph rules
Wikimedia Commons commons answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 7 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…