Example ⟳ +
An example collection, so you can see what this page does. Nothing added here is kept: leaving deletes it.
Pilosella flagellaris; photograph (c) arthur_haendler, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) arthur_haendler, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2024-05-19

Pilosella flagellaris (Willd.) Arv.-Touv.

Whiplash hawkweed; Flagellate hawkweed; Whip hawkweed

Asteraceae · Denmark, Finland +21

Add one to my plants
Sow seed
Pilosella flagellaris, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedPilosella flagellaris, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedPilosella flagellaris, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedPilosella flagellaris, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedPilosella flagellaris, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedPilosella flagellaris, photograph author not stated, no rights reserved 34 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-4.8°C
Record low -17.4 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
20°C
Jul at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
802mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
3–32DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Pilosella flagellaris (synonym Hieracium flagellare) is a European plant species in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae. It is native to Europe but naturalized in scattered locations in the United States and Canada.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Pilosella flagellaris", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Pilosella

Pilosella is a genus of flowering plants in the family Asteraceae. It includes approximately 250 species native to temperate Eurasia and northwestern Africa. Some sources include it within the genus Hieracium.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Pilosella", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (590 mm of 811 mm) takes 8 months, June to January. Mean temperature moves 12.4 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: December to July.

Rain

811 mm in the median year at the habitat, 590 mm of it June to January. Wettest month October at 81 mm, driest month February at 50 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 637 mm to 1,337 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 802 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 811 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 3 to 32 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 2, the highest 90th-percentile month 35).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -4.8 °C, the absolute minimum -17.4 °C, 2,715 frost nights in 44 years, 61.7 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 22.6 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 0.9 °C in February (across the grid cells of the range -9.2 °C to 1.6 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 19.9 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -4.8 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 61 to 69% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -31 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Pilosella flagellaris through the yearWarmest month July, mean daily high 20 °C; coldest month February, mean nightly low 0.9 °C; 811 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-20°-10°0°10°20°30°frost22.6° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-17.4° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0255075100125150mm rainDLI 3–32RH 61–69%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 379 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C5 / -3–76 / -3–78 / 1–1010 / 9–1215 / 12–1718 / 15–2020 / 17–2319 / 16–2115 / 14–1811 / 8–148 / 2–96 / -2–7
Night °C1 / -9–21 / -9–22 / -5–33 / 1–57 / 5–810 / 8–1212 / 10–1412 / 10–149 / 8–116 / 3–83 / -3–51 / -8–2
Rain mm68 / 45–14050 / 35–10259 / 34–11354 / 35–7458 / 49–8572 / 60–9475 / 54–10078 / 58–11172 / 58–11581 / 58–14173 / 53–13271 / 49–130
DLI4 / 3–68 / 7–1116 / 14–1825 / 23–2731 / 30–3432 / 30–3531 / 28–3426 / 23–2917 / 16–199 / 8–125 / 3–63 / 2–4
RH %68 / 66–7366 / 64–7063 / 62–6662 / 58–6461 / 56–6361 / 58–6461 / 59–6462 / 60–6564 / 62–6665 / 64–6868 / 66–7169 / 67–72
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 379 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (647 records in those cells; 5 more cells hold records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cells are left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 682:3529 (55.875, -3.525). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -17.4 °C, 1st-percentile night -4.8 °C, 99th-percentile day 22.6 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 379 distinct grid cells holding 647 of the 657 in-range records (5 further cells with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 682:3529 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 56.00_-3.750, lapse-corrected -31 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 146 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeDenmark, Finland, Great Britain, Sweden, Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, France, Romania, Yugoslavia, Belarus, Baltic States, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus · introduced: British Columbia, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward I., Québec, Connecticut, Indiana, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, Virginia · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker55.993, -3.292 · in the densest population, 452 records (51% of those in range)
Kew's description“perennial” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 883 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 647 of them in the land cells it reads, of 657 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 367 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 2528 km away. 30 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 226 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 2° block of the 883 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Pilosella flagellaris, photograph 1did not loadPilosella flagellaris, photograph 2did not loadPilosella flagellaris, photograph 3did not loadPilosella flagellaris, photograph 4did not loadPilosella flagellaris, photograph 5did not loadPilosella flagellaris, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (6).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Euphrasia nemorosa Euphrasia nemorosa Common eyebright Photo: CC BY, Robyn PerkinsPotamogeton berchtoldii Potamogeton berchtoldii Small pondweed Photo: CC0, author not statedGentianella amarella Gentianella amarella Autumn gentian Photo: CC BY, Mark BreaksPotamogeton obtusifolius Potamogeton obtusifolius Blunt-leaved pondweed Photo: CC BY, Dustin SniderAgrostis vinealis Agrostis vinealis Brown bent Photo: CC BY, Patrick HackerJuncus squarrosus Juncus squarrosus Heath rush Photo: CC BY, Scott Shanks

Other Pilosella 13 in the reference

Pilosella aurantiaca Pilosella aurantiaca Orange hawkweed Photo: CC BY, Simon VinetPilosella bauhini Pilosella bauhini Bauhin's mouse-ear hawkweed Photo: CC BY, Bobo-XPilosella caespitosa Pilosella caespitosa Yellow fox-and-cubs Photo: CC BY, Patrice DupontPilosella cymosa Pilosella cymosa Asteraceae Photo: CC BY, Илья РуденкоPilosella echioides Pilosella echioides Asteraceae Photo: CC BY, Полина ПолежанкинаPilosella floribunda Pilosella floribunda Flowery hawkweed Photo: CC BY, Nikita LavrenovPilosella glacialis Pilosella glacialis Asteraceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Chérif-Jacques AllaliPilosella hoppeana Pilosella hoppeana Asteraceae Photo: CC BY, LjažPilosella lactucella Pilosella lactucella Lettuce hawkweed Photo: CC BY, Jason GrantPilosella officinarum Pilosella officinarum Mouse-ear hawkweed Photo: CC0, author not statedPilosella peleteriana Pilosella peleteriana Shaggy mouse-ear-hawkweed Photo: CC BY, Wolfgang AhlmerPilosella piloselloides Pilosella piloselloides Tall hawkweed Photo: CC BY, Dustin Snider all 14 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Hieracium anacraspedon; Hieracium anisocephalum; Hieracium brachyacron; Hieracium brachyschistum; Hieracium chrysophthalmum and 56 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Asteraceae
Described by
(Willd.) Arv.-Touv.
Native to
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain +20
Wild records
883 in range · 367 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 67 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (51 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 16 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 56.00_-3.750, lapse-corrected -31 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22none of the photographs on this page is credited to GBIF: those shown are other sources', and GBIF's were the same photographs or were set aside by the photograph rules
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 63 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…