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Pinus pinea; photograph (c) zebedeugalinha, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) zebedeugalinha, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-03-22

Pinus pinea L.

Stone pine; Italian stone pine; Umbrella pine; Parasol pine

Pinaceae · Baleares, Corse +12 · listed by its genus as a temperate garden plant

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Pinus pinea, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedPinus pinea, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedPinus pinea, photograph (c) Barry Stewart, some rights reserved (CC BY)Pinus pinea, photograph (c) Barry Stewart, some rights reserved (CC BY)Pinus pinea, photograph (c) Cricket Raspet, some rights reserved (CC BY)Pinus pinea, photograph (c) zebedeugalinha, some rights reserved (CC BY) 58 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
0.9°C
Record low -2.1 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
28°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
676mm
10 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
12–48DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet winters: the rain comes October to February and April, read as a winter growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Pinus pinea, the Italian stone pine or Mediterranean stone pine, is a species of conifer in the family Pinaceae. The tree is a pine native to the Mediterranean region, occurring in Southern Europe and the Levant. The species was introduced into North Africa millennia ago, and is also naturalized in the Canary Islands, South Africa and New South Wales.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Pinus pinea", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Grouped as a temperate garden plant, listed under the genus Pinus in the archetype table, and Kew describes it as “tree”, “temperate”.

Seasons

The rain rule reads a winter growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (470 mm of 656 mm) falls in October to February and April, cooler than the year (wet-season mean 11.9 °C against a yearly mean of 15.7 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: April to August and October.

Rain

656 mm in the median year at the habitat, 470 mm of it October to February and April. Wettest month December at 99 mm, driest month July at 11 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 507 mm to 940 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 676 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 656 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 12 to 48 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 9, the highest 90th-percentile month 50).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 0.9 °C, the absolute minimum -2.1 °C, 69 frost nights in 44 years, 1.6 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 32.6 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 5.4 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 0.4 °C to 9.6 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 27.9 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 0.9 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 56 to 62% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +58 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Group. Listed under the genus Pinus in the archetype table, and Kew describes it as “tree”, “temperate”. A group is taken only where Kew's description of the species agrees with the table's listing. The table gives no figure and no prose; the cold floor is the habitat's alone.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Pinus pinea through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 28 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 5.4 °C; 656 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost32.6° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-2.1° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200mm rainDLI 12–48RH 56–62%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 318 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C12 / 9–1513 / 10–1616 / 13–1917 / 15–2021 / 18–2325 / 22–2828 / 24–3228 / 24–3124 / 22–2820 / 18–2316 / 13–1813 / 10–16
Night °C5 / 0–106 / 1–108 / 3–1110 / 6–1312 / 9–1516 / 14–1818 / 16–2118 / 16–2116 / 13–1913 / 9–169 / 4–137 / 2–11
Rain mm71 / 40–10158 / 37–8949 / 32–6962 / 49–8453 / 32–7625 / 9–5711 / 2–3814 / 4–5734 / 27–8687 / 62–11893 / 57–12899 / 51–155
DLI14 / 11–1720 / 17–2329 / 26–3236 / 33–3942 / 38–4547 / 42–5048 / 42–5043 / 36–4533 / 28–3622 / 19–2615 / 12–1812 / 9–15
RH %61 / 59–6460 / 58–6259 / 54–6159 / 54–6158 / 52–6257 / 48–6256 / 44–6257 / 45–6358 / 50–6361 / 56–6361 / 59–6462 / 59–65
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 318 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (539 records in those cells; 3 more cells hold records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cells are left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 952:3426 (42.375, -8.675). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -2.1 °C, 1st-percentile night 0.9 °C, 99th-percentile day 32.6 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 318 distinct grid cells holding 539 of the 542 in-range records (3 further cells with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 952:3426 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 42.50_-8.750, lapse-corrected +58 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 240 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeBaleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Spain, Albania, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Sicilia, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Lebanon-Syria, Turkey · introduced: Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, Canary Is., Palestine, New South Wales · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker40.457, -3.621 · in the densest population, 254 records (46% of those in range)
Kew's description“tree” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 550 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 539 of them in the land cells it reads, of 542 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 53 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 437 km away. 33 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 8 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 2° block of the 550 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Pinus pinea, photograph 1did not loadPinus pinea, photograph 2did not loadPinus pinea, photograph 3did not loadPinus pinea, photograph 4did not loadPinus pinea, photograph 5did not loadPinus pinea, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (2); (c) Barry Stewart, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2); (c) Cricket Raspet, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) zebedeugalinha, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Echium plantagineum Echium plantagineum Purple viper's-bugloss Photo: CC BY, Nahuel Di MarcoOrobanche ramosa Orobanche ramosa Hemp broomrape Photo: CC BY, Sam KieschnickVicia benghalensis Vicia benghalensis Purple vetch Photo: CC BY, Jared Zachary HermanQuercus suber Quercus suber Cork oak Photo: CC BY, zebedeugalinhaCichorium pumilum Cichorium pumilum Wild Endive Photo: CC BY, kardelenEudianthe laeta Eudianthe laeta Caryophyllaceae Photo: CC BY, Daniel Castanhal García

Other Pinus 110 in the reference

Pinus albicaulis Pinus albicaulis Whitebark pine Photo: CC0, author not statedPinus aristata Pinus aristata Colorado bristlecone pine Photo: CC0, author not statedPinus arizonica Pinus arizonica Arizona pine Photo: CC BY, CK2AZPinus armandi Pinus armandi Pinaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, nekonoir on FlickrPinus attenuata Pinus attenuata Knobcone pine Photo: CC BY, Max MileyPinus × attenuradiata Pinus × attenuradiata Pinaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedPinus ayacahuite Pinus ayacahuite Mexican white pine Photo: CC BY, Neptalí Ramírez MarcialPinus balfouriana Pinus balfouriana Foxtail pine Photo: CC0, author not statedPinus banksiana Pinus banksiana Jack pine Photo: CC BY, Nathan AaronPinus bhutanica Pinus bhutanica Bhutan Pine Photo: CC BY, Tandin Wangdi Pinus brachyptera Pinaceae Pinus brutia Pinus brutia Calabrian pine Photo: CC BY, Ксения Волянская all 111 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Apinus pinea; Pinea esculenta; Pinus africana; Pinus aracanensis; Pinus arctica and 7 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Pinaceae
Described by
L.
Native to
Baleares, Corse, France +11
Wild records
550 in range · 53 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredasked 2026-10-22GBIF occurrence search API; 19 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (13 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 1 at a herbarium, 5 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 42.50_-8.750, lapse-corrected +58 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 9 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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