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Plumbago europaea; photograph author not stated, no rights reserved CC0author not stated, no rights reserved · observed growing wild · 2026-09-21

Plumbago europaea L.

Eurasian plumbago; Eurasiatic plumbago; Common leadwort

Plumbaginaceae · Corse, France +24

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Plumbago europaea, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedPlumbago europaea, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedPlumbago europaea, photograph (c) Debora Barbato, some rights reserved (CC BY)Plumbago europaea, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedPlumbago europaea, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedPlumbago europaea, photograph author not stated, no rights reserved 82 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-3.5°C
Record low -16.4 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
29°C
Jul at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
686mm
11 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
11–47DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet winters: the rain comes October to February and April to May, read as a winter growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Plumbago europaea, also known as the common leadwort, is a plant species in the genus Plumbago found in the Mediterranean Basin and Central Asia.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Plumbago europaea", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Plumbago

Plumbago is a genus of 23 species of flowering plants in the family Plumbaginaceae, native to warm temperate to tropical regions of the world. Common names include plumbago and leadwort.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Plumbago", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a winter growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (510 mm of 694 mm) falls in October to February and April to May, cooler than the year (wet-season mean 11.0 °C against a yearly mean of 14.7 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: April to August and October to November.

Rain

694 mm in the median year at the habitat, 510 mm of it October to February and April to May. Wettest month December at 94 mm, driest month July at 17 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 474 mm to 1,093 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 686 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 694 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 11 to 47 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 9, the highest 90th-percentile month 50).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -3.5 °C, the absolute minimum -16.4 °C, 1,322 frost nights in 44 years, 30.0 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 35.7 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 2.1 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -1.5 °C to 8.0 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 28.7 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -3.5 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 53 to 61% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +33 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Plumbago europaea through the yearWarmest month July, mean daily high 29 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 2.1 °C; 694 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost35.7° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-16.4° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200mm rainDLI 11–47RH 53–61%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 1002 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C10 / 6–1511 / 7–1614 / 11–1817 / 14–2221 / 18–2625 / 22–3029 / 25–3228 / 25–3224 / 21–3019 / 16–2614 / 11–2010 / 7–16
Night °C2 / -2–83 / -1–85 / 1–108 / 3–1212 / 7–1616 / 11–1918 / 14–2218 / 14–2215 / 11–2011 / 7–177 / 3–134 / 0–10
Rain mm70 / 36–16261 / 35–13354 / 33–9463 / 28–9856 / 8–8835 / 2–6717 / 1–4327 / 1–5651 / 3–10579 / 30–13087 / 51–14894 / 51–154
DLI14 / 11–1920 / 17–2428 / 25–3336 / 33–4141 / 39–4746 / 42–5047 / 43–5041 / 37–4531 / 28–3822 / 18–2914 / 12–2111 / 9–17
RH %61 / 58–6359 / 57–6257 / 55–6057 / 54–6056 / 52–6055 / 50–5953 / 46–5954 / 47–6057 / 51–6059 / 56–6260 / 56–6361 / 58–64
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 1002 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (1376 records in those cells; 9 more cells hold records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cells are left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 932:3713 (43.375, 5.675). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -16.4 °C, 1st-percentile night -3.5 °C, 99th-percentile day 35.7 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 1002 distinct grid cells holding 1376 of the 1386 in-range records (9 further cells with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 932:3713 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 43.50_5.625, lapse-corrected +33 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 350 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeCorse, France, Sardegna, Spain, Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Romania, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, North Caucasus, Transcaucasus, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Turkey · introduced: Czechoslovakia, Germany · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker43.463, 3.416 · in the densest population, 572 records (37% of those in range)
Kew's description“perennial” · “subtropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 1552 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 1376 of them in the land cells it reads, of 1386 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 700 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 164 km away. 4 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 166 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 1552 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Plumbago europaea, photograph 1did not loadPlumbago europaea, photograph 2did not loadPlumbago europaea, photograph 3did not loadPlumbago europaea, photograph 4did not loadPlumbago europaea, photograph 5did not loadPlumbago europaea, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (5); (c) Debora Barbato, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Vicia narbonensis Vicia narbonensis Narbonne vetch Photo: CC BY, Наталья ПикаловаAstragalus hamosus Astragalus hamosus European milkvetch Photo: CC BY, Sara NavarroOnopordum illyricum Onopordum illyricum Illyrian thistle Photo: CC BY, Richard JacobBolboschoenus glaucus Bolboschoenus glaucus Tuberous bulrush Photo: CC BY, Charleen BrunkeSilybum marianum Silybum marianum Milk thistle Photo: CC0, author not statedSedum cespitosum Sedum cespitosum Broad-leaved Stonecrop Photo: CC0, Stefano Petrella

Other Plumbago 6 in the reference

Plumbago auriculata Plumbago auriculata Cape leadwort Photo: CC BY, Greg III EsperaPlumbago caerulea Plumbago caerulea Chilean plumbago Photo: CC BY, Jorge Muñoz CamadroPlumbago indica Plumbago indica Whorled plantain Photo: CC BY, Ravuri Krishna Chaitanya Plumbago micrantha Plumbaginaceae Plumbago pulchella Plumbago pulchella Iguana's tail Photo: CC BY, Ulises PinedoPlumbago zeylanica Plumbago zeylanica Wild leadwort Photo: CC0, author not stated

Names & registers

Also known as Plumbago angustifolia; Plumbago breviflora; Plumbago denticulata; Plumbago europaea subsp. asperrima; Plumbago europaea var. asperrima and 5 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Plumbaginaceae
Described by
L.
Native to
Corse, France, Sardegna +23
Wild records
1552 in range · 700 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 23 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (11 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 12 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 43.50_5.625, lapse-corrected +33 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 92 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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