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Pombalia communis; photograph Hugo Hulsberg, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIF CC0Hugo Hulsberg, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIF

Pombalia communis (A.St.-Hil.) Paula-Souza

Violaceae · Bolivia, Brazil West-Central +8

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Pombalia communis, photograph Hugo Hulsberg, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIFPombalia communis, photograph Thomaz Ricardo Favreto Sinani, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFPombalia communis, photograph Thomaz Ricardo Favreto Sinani, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFPombalia communis, photograph Thomaz Ricardo Favreto Sinani, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFPombalia communis, photograph Thomaz Ricardo Favreto Sinani, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFPombalia communis, photograph Thomaz Ricardo Favreto Sinani, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF 24 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
3.0°C
Record low -2.1 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
30°C
Jan, Feb and Dec at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,640mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
18–41DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes April to October (October to April at the habitat), read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (1,140 mm of 1,619 mm) falls in October to April, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 24.2 °C against a yearly mean of 21.5 °C). Months are the habitat's, southern hemisphere; shifted six months for a northern-hemisphere collection: April to October.

Rain

1,619 mm in the median year at the habitat, 1,140 mm of it October to April. Wettest month December at 176 mm, driest month August at 60 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,215 mm to 1,935 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,640 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,619 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, southern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 18 to 41 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 16, the highest 90th-percentile month 44).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 3.0 °C, the absolute minimum -2.1 °C, 14 frost nights in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 38.0 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 12.7 °C in July (across the grid cells of the range 10.2 °C to 16.9 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 30.4 °C in January (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 3.0 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 59 to 63% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +54 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, southern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Pombalia communis through the yearWarmest months January, February and December, mean daily high 30 °C; coldest month July, mean nightly low 12.7 °C; 1,619 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, southern hemisphere.-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost38.0° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-2.1° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200250mm rainDLI 18–41RH 59–63%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 68 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C30 / 28–3230 / 28–3129 / 27–3026 / 25–2923 / 21–2621 / 19–2621 / 19–2624 / 21–2825 / 23–2927 / 25–3029 / 27–3130 / 28–31
Night °C22 / 20–2322 / 20–2321 / 19–2218 / 17–2115 / 13–1913 / 11–1813 / 10–1714 / 12–1815 / 13–1918 / 16–2119 / 18–2221 / 19–23
Rain mm169 / 139–218159 / 141–196141 / 121–177159 / 87–201135 / 56–175101 / 27–14474 / 18–12560 / 18–106109 / 38–165166 / 80–229170 / 110–198176 / 113–201
DLI40 / 35–4337 / 36–3934 / 32–3426 / 24–3121 / 20–2718 / 16–2520 / 19–2726 / 24–3230 / 29–3535 / 34–3840 / 38–4241 / 37–44
RH %62 / 58–6563 / 59–6562 / 60–6462 / 60–6463 / 59–6563 / 59–6561 / 56–6359 / 54–6159 / 54–6160 / 57–6260 / 57–6160 / 57–63
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 68 grid cells holding the 77 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 2307:2483 (-25.375, -55.825). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -2.1 °C, 1st-percentile night 3.0 °C, 99th-percentile day 38.0 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 68 distinct grid cells holding 77 of the 77 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 2307:2483 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -25.50_-55.625, lapse-corrected +54 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 308 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeBolivia, Brazil West-Central, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil North, Brazil South, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Paraguay, Uruguay · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker-25.622, -54.446 · in the densest population, 128 records (25% of those in range)
Kew's description“subshrub or shrub” · “subtropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 519 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 77 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 468 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 1 km away. 4 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 442 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 519 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Pombalia communis, photograph 1did not loadPombalia communis, photograph 2did not loadPombalia communis, photograph 3did not loadPombalia communis, photograph 4did not loadPombalia communis, photograph 5did not loadPombalia communis, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: Hugo Hulsberg, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIF; Thomaz Ricardo Favreto Sinani, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF (5).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Guadua chacoensis Guadua chacoensis Poaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, lejones417Hebanthe erianthos Hebanthe erianthos Suma Photo: CC0, author not stated Chloroluma gonocarpa Sapotaceae Butia paraguayensis Butia paraguayensis Dwarf yatay palm Photo: CC BY, Pablo H CapovillaMyrcianthes pungens Myrcianthes pungens Myrtaceae Photo: CC BY, Germán HohmannHolocalyx balansae Holocalyx balansae Fabaceae Photo: CC BY, Jens-Christian Svenning

Other Pombalia 2 in the reference

Pombalia glabra Pombalia glabra Violaceae Photo: CC0, Sinaloa SilvestrePombalia verticillata Pombalia verticillata Baby-slippers Photo: CC BY, Sam Kieschnick

Names & registers

Also known as Calceolaria communis; Calceolaria maximiliani; Hybanthus communis; Hybanthus communis f. circaeoides; Hybanthus communis f. glabrifolius and 22 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidata

The record

Family
Violaceae
Described by
(A.St.-Hil.) Paula-Souza
Native to
Bolivia, Brazil West-Central, Brazil Northeast +7
Wild records
519 in range · 468 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 4 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (4 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -25.50_-55.625, lapse-corrected +54 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist taxon inat.taxon not asked
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild not asked
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 82 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…