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Primula megaseifolia; photograph Averater, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons CC BYAverater, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Primula megaseifolia Boiss. & Balansa

Primulaceae · Transcaucasus, Turkey

Cited as Kew's World Checklist cites it, Primula megaseifolia Boiss. & Balansa: GBIF's backbone key for this page carries the name with another author, Boiss. & Balansa ex Boiss.

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Primula megaseifolia, photograph Averater, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsPrimula megaseifolia, photograph Averater, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsPrimula megaseifolia, photograph Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsPrimula megaseifolia, photograph Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsPrimula megaseifolia, photograph Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsPrimula megaseifolia, photograph Freddo213, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons 7 photographs ›
Habitat figuresfrom few records
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-8.7°C
Record low -16.3 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
23°C
Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
3,329mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
11–36DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet winters: the rain comes August to February, with nights below freezing; no growing season read. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

From few records: 9 records in 7 grid cells. The records.

About the genus · Primula

Primula is a genus of herbaceous flowering plants in the family Primulaceae. They include the primrose, a familiar wildflower of banks and verges. Other common species are P. auricula (auricula), P. veris (cowslip), and P. elatior (oxlip). More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Primula", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a rainy season and no growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (2,403 mm of 3,365 mm) falls in August to February, the cooler part of the year, but the mean nightly low is below freezing in February, March and January, so the rule reads no growing season from it. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: February to August.

Rain

3,365 mm in the median year at the habitat, 2,403 mm of it August to February. Wettest month November at 415 mm, driest month April at 146 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 2,561 mm to 3,851 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 3,329 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 3,365 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 11 to 36 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 10, the highest 90th-percentile month 37).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -8.7 °C, the absolute minimum -16.3 °C, 2,951 frost nights in 44 years, 67.1 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 33.4 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -2.2 °C in January and February (across the grid cells of the range -5.9 °C to 1.6 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 22.5 °C in August (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -8.7 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 58 to 73% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -282 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

From few records: this habitat climate is read from 9 records in 7 grid cells; a page says so under 12 records or 5 cells, and shows the figures as read.

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Primula megaseifolia through the yearWarmest month August, mean daily high 23 °C; coldest months January and February, mean nightly low -2.2 °C; 3,365 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost33.4° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-16.3° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400500mm rainDLI 11–36RH 58–73%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 7 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C4 / 1–75 / 1–78 / 5–1013 / 10–1517 / 15–1820 / 18–2122 / 20–2323 / 20–2420 / 18–2217 / 14–1911 / 8–147 / 3–9
Night °C-2 / -6–2-2 / -6–10 / -3–34 / 1–79 / 6–1213 / 10–1616 / 14–1917 / 14–1914 / 11–1710 / 6–134 / 0–80 / -4–4
Rain mm317 / 246–357264 / 201–300235 / 172–268146 / 112–165148 / 128–167212 / 170–246221 / 159–253280 / 200–327370 / 259–427399 / 327–460415 / 313–476358 / 276–406
DLI13 / 12–1418 / 18–2025 / 25–2832 / 31–3435 / 35–3636 / 35–3731 / 31–3329 / 28–3126 / 24–2619 / 18–2014 / 13–1511 / 10–12
RH %58 / 57–6059 / 59–6059 / 59–6059 / 59–60636772 / 71–7373 / 71–7468 / 67–6862 / 61–6559 / 57–6058 / 56–60
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 7 grid cells holding the 9 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 966:4437 (41.675, 41.875). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -16.3 °C, 1st-percentile night -8.7 °C, 99th-percentile day 33.4 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 7 distinct grid cells holding 9 of the 9 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 966:4437 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 41.50_41.875, lapse-corrected -282 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 701 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeTranscaucasus, Turkey · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker41.602, 41.846 · in the densest population, 14 records (100% of those in range)
Kew's description“perennial” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 14 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 9 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 8 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 7 km away. Under a dozen records behind the climate. 5 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 14 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Primula megaseifolia, photograph 1did not loadPrimula megaseifolia, photograph 2did not loadPrimula megaseifolia, photograph 3did not loadPrimula megaseifolia, photograph 4did not loadPrimula megaseifolia, photograph 5did not loadPrimula megaseifolia, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: Averater, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (2); Krzysztof Ziarnek, Kenraiz, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (3); Freddo213, CC BY 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons.

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Euonymus leiophloeus Euonymus leiophloeus Celastraceae Photo: CC BY, Наталья ПикаловаRuscus colchicus Ruscus colchicus Asparagaceae Photo: CC BY, Виктория БилоусDioscorea caucasica Dioscorea caucasica Dioscoreaceae Photo: CC BY, Yurii BasovArabis nordmanniana Arabis nordmanniana Brassicaceae Photo: CC BY, Илья РуденкоAristolochia iberica Aristolochia iberica Aristolochiaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Krzysztof Ziarnek, KenraizErythronium caucasicum Erythronium caucasicum Caucasian Dog's Tooth Violet Photo: CC BY, Виктория Билоус

Other Primula 204 in the reference

Primula albenensis Primulaceae Primula algida Primula algida Primulaceae Photo: CC BY, Юлия ЗахаренкоPrimula allionii Primula allionii Primulaceae Photo: CC BY, Flavien SaboureauPrimula alpicola Primula alpicola Moonlight primrose Photo: CC BY-SA, peganumPrimula amethystina Primula amethystina Primulaceae Photo: CC BY, Morten RossPrimula amoena Primula amoena Caucasian primrose Photo: CC BY, Екатерина КравцоваPrimula angustifolia Primula angustifolia Alpine primrose Photo: CC BY, Aiva NoringsethPrimula anisodora Primula anisodora Anise primrose Photo: CC BY-SA, Stan ShebsPrimula apennina Primula apennina Primulaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedPrimula aurantiaca Primula aurantiaca Primulaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, SalicynaPrimula aureata Primula aureata Primulaceae Photo: CC BY, desertnaturalistPrimula auricula Primula auricula Auricula Photo: CC BY, Jonas Sielenkämper all 205 ›

Names & registers

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataiNaturalist

The record

Family
Primulaceae
Described by
Boiss. & Balansa
Native to
Transcaucasus, Turkey
Wild records
14 in range · 8 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22GBIF's key 5640528 is Primula megaseifolia Boiss. & Balansa ex Boiss.; the page links Kew's Primula megaseifolia Boiss. & Balansa, and the name is cited as Kew cites it
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 1 record within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (1 at a botanic garden or arboretum; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 41.50_41.875, lapse-corrected -282 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
Wikimedia Commons commons answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 6 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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