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Pulmonaria hirta; photograph Irene Saltini, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIF CC0Irene Saltini, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIF

Pulmonaria hirta L.

Boraginaceae · France, Italy

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Pulmonaria hirta, photograph Irene Saltini, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIFPulmonaria hirta, photograph Drepanostoma, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFPulmonaria hirta, photograph Gabriele Pradelli, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFPulmonaria hirta, photograph Francesco Santoro, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFPulmonaria hirta, photograph Francesco Santoro, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFPulmonaria hirta, photograph Ljaž, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF 24 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-5.1°C
Record low -12.5 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
24°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,109mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
9–43DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet winters: the rain comes March to May and September to December, read as a winter growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

About the genus · Pulmonaria

Pulmonaria (lungwort) is a genus of flowering plants in the family Boraginaceae, native to Europe and western Asia, with one species east to central Asia. According to various estimates there may be between 10 and 18 species found in the wild.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Pulmonaria", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a winter growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (765 mm of 1,092 mm) falls in March to May and September to December, cooler than the year (wet-season mean 10.0 °C against a yearly mean of 11.2 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: March to June and September to November.

Rain

1,092 mm in the median year at the habitat, 765 mm of it March to May and September to December. Wettest month November at 137 mm, driest month July at 47 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 796 mm to 1,391 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,109 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,092 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 9 to 43 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 8, the highest 90th-percentile month 45).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -5.1 °C, the absolute minimum -12.5 °C, 2,613 frost nights in 44 years, 59.4 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 30.9 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -0.8 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -5.0 °C to 2.0 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 24.3 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -5.1 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 56 to 64% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +273 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Pulmonaria hirta through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 24 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low -0.8 °C; 1,092 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost30.9° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-12.5° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200mm rainDLI 9–43RH 56–64%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 256 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C6 / 3–97 / 4–910 / 7–1313 / 9–1617 / 14–2121 / 18–2524 / 21–2824 / 21–2820 / 17–2316 / 13–1810 / 7–137 / 3–9
Night °C-1 / -5–2-1 / -5–22 / -3–45 / 0–79 / 5–1113 / 9–1515 / 12–1816 / 12–1812 / 8–159 / 5–114 / 0–60 / -4–3
Rain mm78 / 46–10869 / 43–9579 / 59–100105 / 73–13789 / 63–11869 / 50–10147 / 33–6364 / 40–94109 / 78–151131 / 88–194137 / 80–190115 / 67–148
DLI11 / 10–1317 / 15–1925 / 23–2832 / 29–3438 / 35–4042 / 39–4443 / 41–4537 / 34–4027 / 25–3018 / 15–2112 / 10–149 / 8–11
RH %62 / 57–6560 / 57–6359 / 57–6260 / 57–6260 / 56–6258 / 55–6256 / 52–6057 / 54–6160 / 58–6263 / 61–6564 / 60–6663 / 58–66
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 256 grid cells holding the 405 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 908:3775 (44.575, 8.775). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -12.5 °C, 1st-percentile night -5.1 °C, 99th-percentile day 30.9 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 256 distinct grid cells holding 405 of the 405 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 908:3775 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 44.50_8.750, lapse-corrected +273 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 663 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeFrance, Italy · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker44.101, 10.963 · in the densest population, 376 records (48% of those in range)
Kew's description“perennial” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 777 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 405 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 450 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 239 km away. 1 record outside the WCVP native range not used. 372 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 777 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Pulmonaria hirta, photograph 1did not loadPulmonaria hirta, photograph 2did not loadPulmonaria hirta, photograph 3did not loadPulmonaria hirta, photograph 4did not loadPulmonaria hirta, photograph 5did not loadPulmonaria hirta, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: Irene Saltini, CC0, iNaturalist via GBIF; Drepanostoma, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF; Gabriele Pradelli, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF; Francesco Santoro, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF (2); Ljaž, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF.

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Salix apennina Salix apennina Large-leaved willow Photo: CC BY, Milan ChytrýCampanula medium Campanula medium Canterbury bells Photo: CC BY, Luca FornasariPhysospermum cornubiense Physospermum cornubiense Bladderseed Photo: CC BY, Сергей ГолубевSilene viridiflora Silene viridiflora Caryophyllaceae Photo: CC BY, Franck CabotGenista januensis Genista januensis Genoa Broom Photo: CC BY, fmunozSilene paradoxa Silene paradoxa Caryophyllaceae Photo: CC0, author not stated

Other Pulmonaria 11 in the reference

Pulmonaria affinis Pulmonaria affinis Boraginaceae Photo: CC BY, Yves BasPulmonaria angustifolia Pulmonaria angustifolia Blue cowslip Photo: CC BY, Denys VynokurovPulmonaria australis Pulmonaria australis South-alpine lungwort Photo: CC BY, Franco Folini Pulmonaria cesatiana Boraginaceae Pulmonaria longifolia Pulmonaria longifolia Narrow-leaved Lungwort Photo: CC0, author not statedPulmonaria mollis Pulmonaria mollis Boraginaceae Photo: CC BY, Виктория БилоусPulmonaria montana Pulmonaria montana Mountain lungwort Photo: CC BY-SA, Laurine JohannPulmonaria obscura Pulmonaria obscura Unspotted lungwort Photo: CC BY, Марина СадыковаPulmonaria officinalis Pulmonaria officinalis Lungwort Photo: CC BY, aga_l_Pulmonaria rubra Pulmonaria rubra Red lungwort Photo: CC BY, Mike GrantPulmonaria saccharata Pulmonaria saccharata Bethlehem lungwort Photo: CC BY, Daniel Cahen

Names & registers

Also known as Pulmonaria apennina; Pulmonaria hirta subsp. apennina; Pulmonaria hirta subsp. hirta; Pulmonaria vallarsae; Pulmonaria vallarsae subsp. apennina and 1 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidata

The record

Family
Boraginaceae
Described by
L.
Native to
France, Italy
Wild records
777 in range · 450 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 14 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (12 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 2 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 44.50_8.750, lapse-corrected +273 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist taxon inat.taxon not asked
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild not asked
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 20 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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