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Sambucus australis; photograph (c) Felipe Horton, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) Felipe Horton, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-09-24

Sambucus australis Cham. & Schltdl.

Southern elder

Viburnaceae · Brazil Southeast, Brazil South +3

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Sambucus australis, photograph (c) Felipe Horton, some rights reserved (CC BY)Sambucus australis, photograph (c) Rocío Esmeralda Pose, some rights reserved (CC BY)Sambucus australis, photograph (c) Rocío Esmeralda Pose, some rights reserved (CC BY)Sambucus australis, photograph (c) Rocío Esmeralda Pose, some rights reserved (CC BY)Sambucus australis, photograph (c) Matias Cabezas, some rights reserved (CC BY)Sambucus australis, photograph (c) Holger Braun, some rights reserved (CC BY) 65 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-1.0°C
Record low -4.3 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
28°C
Jan at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,115mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
14–47DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes April to October (October to April at the habitat), read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Sambucus australis is a species of tree in the family Viburnaceae. It is native to South America.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Sambucus australis", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Sambucus

Sambucus is a genus of between 20 and 30 species of flowering plants in the family Viburnaceae. The various species are commonly referred to as elder, with the flowers as elderflower, and the fruit as elderberry. The genus is represented by species native to most parts of the world, including Europe, North and South America, Asia, Africa and Australia, and has been distributed to other temperate and subtropical climates.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Sambucus", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (818 mm of 1,131 mm) falls in October to April, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 20.3 °C against a yearly mean of 16.8 °C). Months are the habitat's, southern hemisphere; shifted six months for a northern-hemisphere collection: April to October.

Rain

1,131 mm in the median year at the habitat, 818 mm of it October to April. Wettest month March at 128 mm, driest months (2 at 53 mm). Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 989 mm to 1,280 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,115 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,131 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, southern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 14 to 47 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 13, the highest 90th-percentile month 48).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -1.0 °C, the absolute minimum -4.3 °C, 314 frost nights in 44 years, 7.1 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 38.9 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 7.2 °C in July (across the grid cells of the range 5.2 °C to 8.6 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 28.3 °C in January (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -1.0 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 57 to 62% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -15 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, southern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Sambucus australis through the yearWarmest month January, mean daily high 28 °C; coldest month July, mean nightly low 7.2 °C; 1,131 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, southern hemisphere.-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost38.9° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-4.3° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200mm rainDLI 14–47RH 57–62%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 112 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C28 / 26–3027 / 25–2925 / 23–2721 / 20–2318 / 16–2015 / 13–1714 / 13–1616 / 14–1918 / 16–2121 / 19–2424 / 22–2727 / 24–29
Night °C19 / 18–2119 / 17–2018 / 16–1914 / 12–1511 / 9–128 / 6–107 / 5–98 / 7–1010 / 8–1113 / 11–1415 / 14–1718 / 16–19
Rain mm121 / 98–170121 / 102–145128 / 106–153105 / 89–12786 / 56–11353 / 30–10453 / 27–9956 / 30–9465 / 55–90116 / 96–130114 / 100–141113 / 82–167
DLI46 / 43–4740 / 37–4132 / 31–3324 / 23–2418 / 17–2014 / 13–1716 / 15–1921 / 20–2429 / 27–3136 / 35–3743 / 41–4447 / 43–48
RH %58 / 55–6159 / 57–6260 / 58–6261 / 59–6261 / 60–6362 / 61–6462 / 60–6360 / 57–6259 / 56–6259 / 56–6258 / 55–6157 / 55–60
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 112 grid cells holding the 263 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 2468:2398 (-33.425, -60.075). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -4.3 °C, 1st-percentile night -1.0 °C, 99th-percentile day 38.9 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 112 distinct grid cells holding 263 of the 263 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 2468:2398 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -33.50_-60.000, lapse-corrected -15 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 9 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeBrazil Southeast, Brazil South, Argentina Northeast, Paraguay, Uruguay · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker-34.609, -58.349 · in the densest population, 196 records (46% of those in range)
Kew's description“tree” · “subtropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 422 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 263 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 255 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 5 km away. 35 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 159 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 422 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Sambucus australis, photograph 1did not loadSambucus australis, photograph 2did not loadSambucus australis, photograph 3did not loadSambucus australis, photograph 4did not loadSambucus australis, photograph 5did not loadSambucus australis, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) Felipe Horton, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Rocío Esmeralda Pose, some rights reserved (CC BY) (3); (c) Matias Cabezas, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Holger Braun, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Verbena bonariensis Verbena bonariensis Purpletop vervain Photo: CC0, author not statedSalvia uliginosa Salvia uliginosa Bog sage Photo: CC0, author not statedAmbrosia tenuifolia Ambrosia tenuifolia Lacy ambrosia Photo: CC0, author not statedSenna corymbosa Senna corymbosa Argentine senna Photo: CC BY, NaelinVerbena intermedia Verbena intermedia Verbenaceae Photo: CC BY, Matias BaranzelliSolanum glaucophyllum Solanum glaucophyllum Waxyleaf nightshade Photo: CC0, author not stated

Other Sambucus 18 in the reference

Sambucus adnata Sambucus adnata Viburnaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, VinayarajSambucus australasica Sambucus australasica Australian native elder Photo: CC BY-SA, O.NeateSambucus canadensis Sambucus canadensis American elder Photo: CC BY-SA, Fluff BergerSambucus cerulea Sambucus cerulea Blue elderberry Photo: CC BY, Gavin SlaterSambucus ebulus Sambucus ebulus Dwarf elder Photo: CC BY, АннаSambucus gaudichaudiana Sambucus gaudichaudiana White Elderberry Photo: CC BY, Ian RainbowSambucus javanica Sambucus javanica Chinese elder Photo: CC0, author not statedSambucus kamtschatica Sambucus kamtschatica Kamchatka elder Photo: CC BY, Tatyana PetrenkoSambucus lanceolata Sambucus lanceolata Viburnaceae Photo: CC BY, fmunozSambucus mexicana Sambucus mexicana Blue Elderberry Photo: CC BY, Ian McFaulSambucus nigra Sambucus nigra Elder Photo: CC0, author not statedSambucus palmensis Sambucus palmensis Canary Islands elder Photo: CC BY, Vítor Jorge all 19 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Sambucus pentagynia. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Viburnaceae
Described by
Cham. & Schltdl.
Native to
Brazil Southeast, Brazil South, Argentina Northeast +2
Wild records
422 in range · 255 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 31 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (26 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 4 at a herbarium, 1 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -33.50_-60.000, lapse-corrected -15 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 71 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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