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Schinus longifolia; photograph Eduardo Luis Beltrocco, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF CC BYEduardo Luis Beltrocco, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF

Schinus longifolia (Lindl.) Speg.

Longleaf peppertree

Anacardiaceae · Brazil West-Central, Brazil South +4

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Schinus longifolia, photograph Jens-Christian Svenning, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFSchinus longifolia, photograph Jens-Christian Svenning, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFSchinus longifolia, photograph Pablo H Capovilla, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFSchinus longifolia, photograph Pablo H Capovilla, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFSchinus longifolia, photograph Pablo H Capovilla, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIFSchinus longifolia, photograph Facundo Chieffo, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF 24 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-0.6°C
Record low -4.4 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
29°C
Jan at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,147mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
14–47DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes April to October (October to April at the habitat), read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

About the genus · Schinus

Schinus is a genus of flowering trees and tall shrubs in the sumac family, Anacardiaceae. Members of the genus are commonly known as pepper trees. The Peruvian pepper tree is the source of the spice known as pink peppercorn.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Schinus", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (808 mm of 1,141 mm) falls in October to April, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 20.5 °C against a yearly mean of 17.1 °C). Months are the habitat's, southern hemisphere; shifted six months for a northern-hemisphere collection: April to October.

Rain

1,141 mm in the median year at the habitat, 808 mm of it October to April. Wettest month March at 128 mm, driest month July at 55 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 941 mm to 1,326 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,147 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,141 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, southern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 14 to 47 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 13, the highest 90th-percentile month 48).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -0.6 °C, the absolute minimum -4.4 °C, 267 frost nights in 44 years, 6.1 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 39.3 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 7.4 °C in July (across the grid cells of the range 5.1 °C to 8.8 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 29.2 °C in January (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -0.6 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 56 to 62% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -15 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, southern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Schinus longifolia through the yearWarmest month January, mean daily high 29 °C; coldest month July, mean nightly low 7.4 °C; 1,141 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, southern hemisphere.-10°0°10°20°30°40°50°frost39.3° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-4.4° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200mm rainDLI 14–47RH 56–62%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 475 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C29 / 26–3128 / 25–2926 / 24–2822 / 20–2318 / 17–2015 / 14–1715 / 13–1717 / 15–1919 / 16–2122 / 19–2525 / 22–2728 / 25–29
Night °C19 / 18–2119 / 17–2018 / 16–1914 / 12–1611 / 9–128 / 6–107 / 5–99 / 7–1010 / 8–1113 / 11–1415 / 14–1718 / 16–19
Rain mm115 / 90–142122 / 97–142128 / 102–154108 / 79–15289 / 33–12060 / 17–10555 / 20–10157 / 24–9472 / 47–96114 / 86–127112 / 95–131109 / 78–142
DLI46 / 44–4739 / 38–4132 / 31–3323 / 23–2418 / 17–1914 / 13–1616 / 15–1922 / 20–2429 / 27–3136 / 35–3743 / 42–4447 / 45–48
RH %56 / 55–6058 / 57–6259 / 58–6260 / 59–6261 / 60–6362 / 61–6461 / 59–6459 / 55–6358 / 54–6358 / 55–6257 / 54–6156 / 55–60
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 475 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (891 records in those cells; 1 more cell holds records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cell is left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 2460:2430 (-33.025, -58.475). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -4.4 °C, 1st-percentile night -0.6 °C, 99th-percentile day 39.3 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 475 distinct grid cells holding 891 of the 893 in-range records (1 further cell with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 2460:2430 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -33.00_-58.750, lapse-corrected -15 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 9 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeBrazil West-Central, Brazil South, Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Paraguay, Uruguay · introduced: Texas · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker-34.429, -57.878 · in the densest population, 336 records (34% of those in range)
Kew's description“tree” · “seasonally dry tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 996 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 891 of them in the land cells it reads, of 893 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 429 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 32 km away. 6 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 103 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 996 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Schinus longifolia, photograph 1did not loadSchinus longifolia, photograph 2did not loadSchinus longifolia, photograph 3did not loadSchinus longifolia, photograph 4did not loadSchinus longifolia, photograph 5did not loadSchinus longifolia, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: Jens-Christian Svenning, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF (2); Pablo H Capovilla, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF (3); Facundo Chieffo, CC BY, iNaturalist via GBIF.

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Baccharis punctulata Baccharis punctulata Asteraceae Photo: CC BY, Gastón RepettoEleusine tristachya Eleusine tristachya American yard-grass Photo: CC BY-SA, Pere BarnolaEryngium eburneum Eryngium eburneum Apiaceae Photo: CC BY, Agustina MedinaPhytolacca dioica Phytolacca dioica Belhambra Photo: CC BY-SA, Antoinette Eyssell KnoxPassiflora caerulea Passiflora caerulea Blue passionflower Photo: CC BY, Pablo BombínZephyranthes minima Zephyranthes minima Amaryllidaceae Photo: CC BY, Felipe Horton

Other Schinus 14 in the reference

Schinus areira Schinus areira Peppercorn Tree Photo: CC BY, Eduardo Luis BeltroccoSchinus engleri Schinus engleri Anacardiaceae Photo: CC BY, Maru MasseroniSchinus fasciculata Schinus fasciculata Anacardiaceae Photo: CC0, demianlescanoSchinus johnstonii Schinus johnstonii Anacardiaceae Photo: CC BY, veonaturaSchinus latifolia Schinus latifolia Chilean pepper tree Photo: CC BY, Nicolás LavanderoSchinus lentiscifolia Schinus lentiscifolia Anacardiaceae Photo: CC0, Gabriel LauferSchinus microphylla Schinus microphylla Anacardiaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedSchinus molle Schinus molle Peruvian peppertree Photo: CC0, author not statedSchinus montana Schinus montana Anacardiaceae Photo: CC BY, Nicolás LavanderoSchinus patagonica Schinus patagonica Anacardiaceae Photo: CC BY, Fabrício Mil Homens RiellaSchinus pearcei Schinus pearcei Anacardiaceae Photo: CC BY, Jhon A. Yuca-PalominoSchinus polygama Schinus polygama Hardee peppertree Photo: CC BY, Nicolás Lavandero all 15 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Duvaua longifolia; Schinus dependens var. alfa. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataiNaturalist

The record

Family
Anacardiaceae
Described by
(Lindl.) Speg.
Native to
Brazil West-Central, Brazil South, Argentina Northeast +3
Wild records
996 in range · 429 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 24 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (21 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 1 at a herbarium, 2 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -33.00_-58.750, lapse-corrected -15 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22found by its label; its IPNI identifier 71037-1 is Kew's for Schinus longifolia (Lindl.) Speg.
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 28 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…