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Senegalia catechu; photograph (c) Ravuri Krishna Chaitanya, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) Ravuri Krishna Chaitanya, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-05-23

Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.

Black cutch; Black catechu; Catechu; Cutch tree

Fabaceae · China South-Central, Assam +9

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Senegalia catechu, photograph (c) harrier, some rights reserved (CC BY)Senegalia catechu, photograph (c) Ravuri Krishna Chaitanya, some rights reserved (CC BY)Senegalia catechu, photograph (c) Ravuri Krishna Chaitanya, some rights reserved (CC BY)Senegalia catechu, photograph (c) Ravuri Krishna Chaitanya, some rights reserved (CC BY)Senegalia catechu, photograph (c) Ravuri Krishna Chaitanya, some rights reserved (CC BY)Senegalia catechu, photograph (c) Ravuri Krishna Chaitanya, some rights reserved (CC BY) 52 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
8.3°C
Record low 4.8 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
36°C
Apr and May at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,056mm
6 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
25–46DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes July to September, read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Senegalia catechu, previously known as Acacia catechu, is a deciduous, thorny tree which grows up to 15 m (50 ft) in height. The plant is called kachu in Malay; the Malay name was Latinized to "catechu" in Linnaean taxonomy, as the species from which the extracts cutch and catechu are derived. Other common names for it include kher, catechu, cachou, cutchtree, black cutch, and black catechu.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Senegalia catechu", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Senegalia

Senegalia is a genus of flowering plants in the family Fabaceae. It belongs to the Mimosoid clade. Until 2005, its species were considered members of Acacia. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Senegalia", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (807 mm of 1,092 mm) falls in July to September, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 27.0 °C against a yearly mean of 25.8 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: January to March.

Rain

1,092 mm in the median year at the habitat, 807 mm of it July to September. Wettest month July at 339 mm, driest months (3 at 4 mm); 3 months under 5 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 763 mm to 2,644 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,056 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,092 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 25 to 46 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 22, the highest 90th-percentile month 47).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 8.3 °C, the absolute minimum 4.8 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 43.8 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 14.4 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 8.9 °C to 17.4 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 36.4 °C in May (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 8.3 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 45 to 67% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -7 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Senegalia catechu through the yearWarmest months April and May, mean daily high 36 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 14.4 °C; 1,092 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.0°10°20°30°40°50°43.8° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER4.8° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter02004006008001000mm rainDLI 25–46RH 45–67%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 108 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C27 / 22–3030 / 25–3133 / 30–3536 / 32–3936 / 32–4133 / 28–3830 / 26–3229 / 26–3130 / 27–3231 / 28–3329 / 26–3127 / 23–30
Night °C14 / 9–1716 / 11–1919 / 16–2123 / 20–2525 / 21–2725 / 22–2824 / 21–2624 / 21–2523 / 20–2421 / 18–2317 / 14–2115 / 10–18
Rain mm4 / 1–194 / 0–224 / 1–377 / 2–6226 / 8–152152 / 67–487339 / 133–879280 / 156–656188 / 115–36567 / 18–16416 / 8–485 / 2–14
DLI32 / 28–3537 / 33–4043 / 38–4446 / 41–4745 / 38–4734 / 28–4126 / 23–2925 / 22–2830 / 27–3333 / 29–3531 / 28–3329 / 26–32
RH %50 / 47–5547 / 44–5445 / 40–5447 / 37–5852 / 39–6160 / 48–6965 / 60–7367 / 63–7365 / 57–7056 / 47–6451 / 46–5950 / 47–57
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 108 grid cells holding the 156 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1360:5081 (21.975, 74.075). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 4.8 °C, 1st-percentile night 8.3 °C, 99th-percentile day 43.8 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 108 distinct grid cells holding 156 of the 156 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1360:5081 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 22.00_74.375, lapse-corrected -7 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 338 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeChina South-Central, Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya, Myanmar, Thailand · introduced: Réunion, China Southeast, Jawa, Northern Territory, Jamaica, Leeward Is. AB Ant, Puerto Rico, Windward Is. · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker25.157, 75.825 · in the densest population, 122 records (65% of those in range)
Kew's description“tree” · “seasonally dry tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 188 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 156 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 73 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 524 km away. 13 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 32 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
Other GBIF keysRecords also from GBIF's key 3973860 (Acacia sandra (Roxb.) Bedd.): Kew's file holds it as Acacia sandra Bedd. (orthographic under Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.); 0 records, from GBIF's search API on the day of the build.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 188 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Senegalia catechu, photograph 1did not loadSenegalia catechu, photograph 2did not loadSenegalia catechu, photograph 3did not loadSenegalia catechu, photograph 4did not loadSenegalia catechu, photograph 5did not loadSenegalia catechu, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) harrier, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Ravuri Krishna Chaitanya, some rights reserved (CC BY) (5).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Sterculia urens Sterculia urens Indian-tragacanth Photo: CC BY, Ravuri Krishna ChaitanyaVallaris solanacea Vallaris solanacea Apocynaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Neelam SharmaSchrebera swietenioides Schrebera swietenioides Oleaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Vikas D PrasadVerbascum coromandelianum Verbascum coromandelianum Scrophulariaceae Photo: CC0, Vijay BarveRungia pectinata Rungia pectinata Acanthaceae Photo: CC BY, renjus boxTrichodesma indicum Trichodesma indicum Boraginaceae Photo: CC0, author not stated

Other Senegalia 22 in the reference

Senegalia afra Senegalia afra Fabaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Paul venterSenegalia ataxacantha Senegalia ataxacantha Flame acacia Photo: CC BY-SA, alanbedfordshaw Senegalia bahiensis Fabaceae Senegalia berlandieri Senegalia berlandieri Berlandier acacia Photo: CC BY, CK2AZSenegalia bonariensis Senegalia bonariensis Fabaceae Photo: CC BY, RAPSenegalia brevispica Senegalia brevispica Fabaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Susan BrownSenegalia burkei Senegalia burkei Black monkey thorn Photo: CC0, author not statedSenegalia galpinii Senegalia galpinii Monkey-thorn Photo: CC BY, Manuel R PoppSenegalia greggii Senegalia greggii Catclaw acacia Photo: CC BY, Jo RobertsSenegalia hereroensis Senegalia hereroensis Arid Hook-thorn Photo: CC0, author not statedSenegalia laeta Senegalia laeta Fabaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Marco SchmidtSenegalia mellifera Senegalia mellifera Black thorn Photo: CC BY-SA, Brian du Preez all 23 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Acacia catechu; Acacia catechu f. catechu; Acacia catechu f. catechuoides; Acacia catechu subsp. catechu; Acacia catechu var. catechu and 10 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Fabaceae
Described by
(L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.
Native to
China South-Central, Assam, Bangladesh +8
Wild records
188 in range · 73 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredasked 2026-10-22GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 0 records of GBIF's key 3973860, Acacia sandra (Roxb.) Bedd. (Kew's file holds it as Acacia sandra Bedd. (orthographic under Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb.)): GBIF occurrence search API; 8 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (6 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 2 at a herbarium; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 22.00_74.375, lapse-corrected -7 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22IPNI and POWO linked by Kew's number for Senegalia catechu (L.f.) P.J.H.Hurter & Mabb. (the item's: IPNI 77089268-1, POWO 469951-1)
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 31 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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