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Silene frivaldszkyana; photograph Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons CC BY-SAAgnieszka Kwiecień, Nova, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons

Silene frivaldszkyana Hampe

Caryophyllaceae · Albania, Bulgaria +3

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Silene frivaldszkyana, photograph Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsSilene frivaldszkyana, photograph Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsSilene frivaldszkyana, photograph Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsSilene frivaldszkyana, photograph Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsSilene frivaldszkyana, photograph Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia CommonsSilene frivaldszkyana, photograph Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons 8 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-10.6°C
Record low -20.3 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
26°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
683mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
11–41DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

About the genus · Silene

Silene is a genus of flowering plants in the family Caryophyllaceae. Containing between 500 and 900 species, it is the largest genus in the family. Common names include campion and catchfly. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Silene", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (477 mm of 668 mm) takes 8 months, February to June and October to December. Mean temperature moves 20.7 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: April to June and August to December.

Rain

668 mm in the median year at the habitat, 477 mm of it February to June and October to December. Wettest month December at 71 mm, driest months (2 at 45 mm). Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 575 mm to 919 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 683 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 668 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 11 to 41 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 9, the highest 90th-percentile month 44).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -10.6 °C, the absolute minimum -20.3 °C, 3,073 frost nights in 44 years, 69.8 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 35.8 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -3.4 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -6.7 °C to -1.4 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 25.9 °C in August (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -10.6 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 54 to 62% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -579 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Silene frivaldszkyana through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 26 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low -3.4 °C; 668 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-30°-20°-10°0°10°20°30°40°frost35.8° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-20.3° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0255075100125mm rainDLI 11–41RH 54–62%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 23 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C4 / 3–76 / 4–810 / 7–1215 / 13–1619 / 17–2123 / 21–2526 / 23–2826 / 23–2822 / 19–2317 / 14–1910 / 8–125 / 4–8
Night °C-3 / -7–-1-3 / -6–00 / -3–34 / 2–79 / 7–1213 / 10–1715 / 13–1915 / 13–1912 / 9–157 / 4–102 / -1–4-2 / -5–0
Rain mm52 / 39–6955 / 40–6653 / 45–7260 / 50–7460 / 44–9056 / 35–9349 / 33–7345 / 29–6445 / 36–5755 / 45–7567 / 50–9071 / 51–101
DLI13 / 11–1419 / 17–2026 / 24–2733 / 31–3437 / 36–3941 / 40–4441 / 40–4437 / 36–3929 / 27–3021 / 18–2114 / 12–1511 / 9–12
RH %60 / 59–6459 / 58–6158 / 57–6057 / 55–6058 / 55–6056 / 54–6054 / 52–5754 / 52–5656 / 54–5859 / 57–6061 / 59–6362 / 60–64
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 23 grid cells holding the 24 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 959:4062 (42.025, 23.125). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -20.3 °C, 1st-percentile night -10.6 °C, 99th-percentile day 35.8 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 23 distinct grid cells holding 24 of the 24 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 959:4062 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 42.00_23.125, lapse-corrected -579 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 568 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeAlbania, Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker41.741, 23.228 · in the densest population, 25 records (66% of those in range)
Kew's description“perennial” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 38 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 24 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 26 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 29 km away. 3 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 14 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
Other GBIF keysRecords also from GBIF's key 5587972 (Silene tincta Friv. ex Griseb.): Kew's file holds it as Silene tincta Friv. ex Griseb. (illegitimate under Silene frivaldszkyana Hampe); 1 record, from GBIF's search API on the day of the build.Records also from GBIF's key 7764424 (Silene colorata Friv.): Kew's file holds it as Silene colorata Friv. (illegitimate under Silene frivaldszkyana Hampe); 1 record, from GBIF's search API on the day of the build.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 38 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Silene frivaldszkyana, photograph 1did not loadSilene frivaldszkyana, photograph 2did not loadSilene frivaldszkyana, photograph 3did not loadSilene frivaldszkyana, photograph 4did not loadSilene frivaldszkyana, photograph 5did not loadSilene frivaldszkyana, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: Agnieszka Kwiecień, Nova, CC BY-SA 4.0, via Wikimedia Commons (6).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Dianthus pinifolius Dianthus pinifolius Pine-leaved Pink Photo: CC BY, Kostas ZontanosAchillea clypeolata Achillea clypeolata Balkan Yarrow Photo: CC BY, Salza Palpurina Achillea pseudopectinata Asteraceae Crocus chrysanthus Crocus chrysanthus Golden crocus Photo: CC BY, R MitchellHypericum rumeliacum Hypericum rumeliacum Hypericaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, giamp_1Digitalis lanata Digitalis lanata Grecian foxglove Photo: CC BY, Kostas Zontanos

Other Silene 130 in the reference

Silene acaulis Silene acaulis Moss campion Photo: CC BY, Rowan FehrSilene aegyptiaca Silene aegyptiaca Egyptian Campion Photo: CC BY, Marios Thoma Silene altaica Caryophyllaceae Silene andryalifolia Silene andryalifolia Caryophyllaceae Photo: CC BY, Mehdi ChetibiSilene antirrhina Silene antirrhina Sleepy catchfly Photo: CC BY, Dustin SniderSilene argaea Silene argaea Caryophyllaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Ghislain118 (AD)…Silene baccifera Silene baccifera Caryophyllaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedSilene banksia Silene banksia Caryophyllaceae Photo: CC BY, Tatyana PetrenkoSilene boryi Silene boryi Caryophyllaceae Photo: CC BY, frangpSilene borysthenica Silene borysthenica Caryophyllaceae Photo: CC BY, Анна МитрошенковаSilene bungei Silene bungei Caryophyllaceae Photo: CC BY, Oleg KosterinSilene bupleuroides Silene bupleuroides Caryophyllaceae Photo: CC0, author not stated all 131 ›

Names & registers

GBIFPOWOIPNIWikidata

The record

Family
Caryophyllaceae
Described by
Hampe
Native to
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece +2
Wild records
38 in range · 26 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredasked 2026-10-22GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 1 record of GBIF's key 5587972, Silene tincta Friv. ex Griseb. (Kew's file holds it as Silene tincta Friv. ex Griseb. (illegitimate under Silene frivaldszkyana Hampe)): GBIF occurrence search API; 1 record of GBIF's key 7764424, Silene colorata Friv. (Kew's file holds it as Silene colorata Friv. (illegitimate under Silene frivaldszkyana Hampe)): GBIF occurrence search API
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 42.00_23.125, lapse-corrected -579 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22IPNI and POWO linked by Kew's number for Silene frivaldszkyana Hampe (the item's: IPNI 157371-1, POWO none)
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist taxon inat.taxon not asked
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild not asked
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
Wikimedia Commons commons answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 14 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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