59 photographs › At a glance
- Jan
- Feb
- Mar
- Apr, shaded
- May, shaded
- Jun, shaded
- Jul, shaded
- Aug
- Sep, shaded
- Oct, shaded
- Nov, shaded
- Dec
Summary
Solanum mammosum, commonly known as nipplefruit, fox head, cow's udder, or apple of Sodom, is an inedible Pan-American tropical fruit. The plant is grown for ornamental purposes, in part because of the distal end of the fruit's resemblance to a human breast, while the proximal end looks like a cow's udder. It is an annual in the family Solanaceae, and part of the genus Solanum, making the plant a relative of the eggplant, tomato, and potato. This poisonous fruit is native to South America, but has been naturalized in Southern Mexico, Greater Antilles, Central America, and the Caribbean. More on Wikipedia ›
Quoted from Wikipedia, "Solanum mammosum", CC BY-SA 4.0.
About the genus · Solanum
Solanum is a large and diverse genus of flowering plants, which include three food crops of high economic importance: the potato, the tomato and the eggplant. It is the largest genus in the nightshade family Solanaceae, comprising around 1,500 species. It also contains the so-called horse nettles, as well as numerous plants cultivated for their ornamental flowers and fruit.
Quoted from Wikipedia, "Solanum", CC BY-SA 4.0.
Cultivation
Seasons
The rain rule reads a sharp season: 70% of the median year's rain (1,866 mm of 2,665 mm) falls in April to July and September to November. The temperature curve is flat, 1.2 °C between the warmest and coldest month, so the growing-season rule does not infer a growing season from it. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere. The habitat lies within 10° of the equator, where the shift rule does not apply, so they are not shifted for a collection elsewhere.
Rain
2,665 mm in the median year at the habitat, 1,866 mm of it April to July and September to November. Wettest month May at 319 mm, driest month January at 118 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,515 mm to 4,173 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 2,687 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 2,665 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.
Light
Open sky over the habitat: 28 to 35 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 23, the highest 90th-percentile month 41).
Warmth and air
Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 19.7 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 15.3 °C to 22.8 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 27.8 °C in September (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: none read. The nearest figure is 19.7 °C, the coldest month's mean nightly low, January, in the median year (CHELSA); a month's mean of its nightly lows is warmer than the nights a floor is read from. The daily extremes were read at a weather cell whose ground is too far above or below the typical spot to correct for, and are not used.
Relative humidity at the habitat: 65 to 69% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.
How this section is made
Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.
Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.
Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.
Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.
Temperature. CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. No cold floor is read without a daily extremes series; the coldest month's mean nightly low named in its sentence is not one. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.
Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.
Climate across the habitat
Habitat months, northern hemisphere
Mean daily high from 26 °C in Jan and Dec to 28 °C in Apr, Aug and Sep; mean nightly low from 20 °C in Jan, Feb, Mar, Jul, Aug, Sep, Nov and Dec to 21 °C in Apr, May, Jun and Oct. The cold quarter, Dec to Feb, is the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low, around the first of the 8 months that tie for it. 2,665 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added), the wettest month May. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 176 habitat cells. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.
Figures by month
| Figure | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day °C | 26 / 23–31 | 27 / 24–31 | 27 / 24–31 | 28 / 24–30 | 27 / 24–30 | 27 / 23–29 | 27 / 23–29 | 28 / 24–30 | 28 / 24–30 | 27 / 23–29 | 27 / 23–29 | 26 / 23–29 |
| Night °C | 20 / 15–23 | 20 / 16–23 | 20 / 16–23 | 21 / 16–23 | 21 / 16–24 | 21 / 16–24 | 20 / 15–24 | 20 / 15–24 | 20 / 15–24 | 21 / 16–24 | 20 / 16–23 | 20 / 16–23 |
| Rain mm | 118 / 39–291 | 119 / 45–289 | 174 / 51–319 | 257 / 91–447 | 319 / 150–511 | 265 / 96–494 | 233 / 81–442 | 227 / 85–441 | 243 / 128–455 | 287 / 163–487 | 262 / 98–405 | 161 / 68–331 |
| DLI | 32 / 26–35 | 33 / 29–36 | 35 / 29–39 | 33 / 27–40 | 30 / 25–39 | 28 / 23–41 | 29 / 24–41 | 32 / 26–41 | 33 / 26–38 | 31 / 24–36 | 29 / 23–33 | 30 / 24–34 |
| RH % | 66 / 58–71 | 65 / 57–71 | 65 / 58–71 | 67 / 61–72 | 68 / 64–73 | 68 / 63–75 | 66 / 61–74 | 66 / 60–74 | 68 / 61–74 | 69 / 63–74 | 69 / 63–73 | 67 / 61–72 |
Records on both sides of the equator: the 12 cells at least 10° south of it have seasons six months apart and are left out, not combined into a year no place has. These figures are across the 176 cells that remain: the 40 at least 10° north and the 136 within 10° of the equator, which stay in either way.
The daily extremes were not used: the correction for elevation, -1257 m, is beyond the 1,000 m either way that a lapse rate is applied over, so the weather cell's ground is other terrain than the typical spot's. So no cold floor is read for this species, and the coldest month's mean nightly low is not taken as one. What that cell gave, so corrected, over 44 years: absolute minimum 17.8 °C, 1st-percentile night 19.9 °C.
How this section is made
Natural habitat
How this section is made
Photographs
Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (3); (c) Óscar Sampedro, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Raquel Mondino, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2).
Related
Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.
Lacistema aggregatum Lacistemataceae Photo: CC0, author not stated
Pavonia fruticosa Anamu Photo: CC BY, Brandon McCracken
Scaphyglottis prolifera Orchidaceae Photo: CC BY, Letizia Weichgrebe
Urera baccifera Urticaceae Photo: CC BY, Marcos Gramaglia
Passiflora menispermifolia Passifloraceae Photo: CC BY, Chase Mathey
Rodriguezia lanceolata Orchidaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedOther Solanum 163 in the reference
Solanum abutiloides Dwarf Tamarillo Photo: CC BY-SA, Greg Tasney
Solanum acaule Solanaceae Photo: CC BY, Staci Oré
Solanum aculeastrum Goat Bitter-apple Photo: CC0, author not stated
Solanum aculeatissimum Dutch eggplant Photo: CC BY-SA, Tony Rebelo
Solanum aethiopicum Chinese scarlet eggplant Photo: CC BY, Diogo Luiz
Solanum africanum Solanaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Tony Rebelo Solanum ajanhuiri Solanaceae 
Solanum albidum Solanaceae Photo: CC BY, biped_cub
Solanum aligerum Solanaceae Photo: CC BY, Juan Carlos Fonseca Mata
Solanum aloysiifolium Solanaceae Photo: CC BY, Carla Florencia Rodríguez
Solanum americanum American black nightshade Photo: CC BY, Frederick Nunley
Solanum amygdalifolium Solanaceae Photo: CC BY, Holger Braun all 164 ›Names & registers
Also known as Solanum corniculatum; Solanum cornigerum; Solanum globiferum; Solanum mammosum subsp. corniculum; Solanum mammosum var. corniculum and 3 more. (GBIF Backbone)
The record
Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →
Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 22 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (17 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 3 at a herbarium, 2 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)climate answeredasked 2026-10-22climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 1.00_-76.875, lapse-corrected -1257 m at 6.5 °C/km; read, and set aside: the correction for elevation, -1257 m, is beyond the 1,000 m either way that a lapse rate is applied over, so the weather cell's ground is other terrain than the typical spot's, so no cold floor is shownwikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22inat.photos.cultivated not askedgbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshotEvery source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 97 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.