Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz
Common hog-plum; Amberella
Cited as Kew's World Checklist cites it, Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz: GBIF's backbone key for this page carries the name with another author, (L.fil.) Kurz.
43 photographs › At a glance
- Jan
- Feb
- Mar
- Apr
- May, shaded
- Jun, shaded
- Jul, shaded
- Aug, shaded
- Sep, shaded
- Oct
- Nov
- Dec
Summary
Spondias pinnata, one of several plants called "hog plum", is a species of tree with edible sour fruits. It is native to the Philippines and Indonesia, but has been widely naturalized in South Asia, Mainland Southeast Asia, Southern China, and the Solomon Islands. It belongs to the family Anacardiaceae. This species, among several others, has sometimes been called the "wild (or forest) mango" in other languages and was once placed in the genus Mangifera. More on Wikipedia ›
Quoted from Wikipedia, "Spondias pinnata", CC BY-SA 4.0.
About the genus · Spondias
Spondias is a genus of flowering plants in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae. The genus consists of 18 described species, eleven of which are native to the tropical Americas, six to Asia and one to Madagascar. They are commonly named hog plums, Spanish plums, Ciruelas in Cuba, libas in Bikol and in some cases golden apples for their brightly colored fruit which resemble an apple or small plum at a casual glance. More on Wikipedia ›
Quoted from Wikipedia, "Spondias", CC BY-SA 4.0.
Cultivation
Seasons
The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (1,251 mm of 1,626 mm) falls in May to September, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 26.3 °C against a yearly mean of 25.3 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: November to March.
Rain
1,626 mm in the median year at the habitat, 1,251 mm of it May to September. Wettest month August at 291 mm, driest month January at 7 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,181 mm to 3,362 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,739 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,626 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.
Light
Open sky over the habitat: 26 to 40 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 21, the highest 90th-percentile month 44).
Warmth and air
Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 13.1 °C, the absolute minimum 6.7 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 39.9 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 16.6 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 12.4 °C to 21.3 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 32.6 °C in April (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 13.1 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).
Relative humidity at the habitat: 54 to 70% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.
How this section is made
Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.
Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.
Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.
Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.
Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -305 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.
Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.
Climate across the habitat
Habitat months, northern hemisphere
Mean daily high from 27 °C in Dec to 33 °C in Apr; mean nightly low from 17 °C in Jan and Dec to 23 °C in Apr, May, Jun, Jul and Aug. The cold quarter, Nov to Jan, is the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low, centred on the 2 months in a row that tie for it. 1,626 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added), the wettest month Aug. The bands show the 10th to 90th percentile across 158 habitat cells. Over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER) the absolute minimum was 6.7 °C and the 99th-percentile day 39.9 °C; neither is dated to a month. Beneath: daily light integral and relative humidity through the year, each on its own scale.
Figures by month
| Figure | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day °C | 28 / 24–30 | 30 / 27–32 | 32 / 30–34 | 33 / 30–36 | 31 / 28–33 | 29 / 25–32 | 28 / 24–31 | 28 / 24–31 | 28 / 26–30 | 28 / 25–30 | 28 / 25–30 | 27 / 24–29 |
| Night °C | 17 / 12–21 | 18 / 14–22 | 21 / 17–24 | 23 / 19–25 | 23 / 20–26 | 23 / 20–26 | 23 / 19–26 | 23 / 19–25 | 22 / 19–25 | 21 / 18–24 | 19 / 16–23 | 17 / 13–22 |
| Rain mm | 7 / 2–30 | 15 / 1–37 | 35 / 10–92 | 88 / 21–175 | 203 / 82–300 | 238 / 135–681 | 258 / 143–999 | 291 / 182–679 | 261 / 186–403 | 175 / 107–351 | 46 / 18–225 | 9 / 5–75 |
| DLI | 33 / 30–37 | 37 / 35–40 | 40 / 38–43 | 40 / 37–44 | 34 / 31–41 | 29 / 23–33 | 27 / 21–32 | 26 / 22–31 | 28 / 25–31 | 29 / 27–33 | 30 / 28–33 | 31 / 28–33 |
| RH % | 55 / 51–61 | 54 / 49–61 | 56 / 49–62 | 59 / 52–66 | 64 / 60–71 | 69 / 64–77 | 70 / 65–78 | 70 / 66–78 | 69 / 66–74 | 66 / 61–71 | 61 / 55–67 | 57 / 52–62 |
How this section is made
Natural habitat
How this section is made
Photographs
Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (3); (c) Sindhu Haridas, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Rama Narayanan, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2).
Related
Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.
Xylia xylocarpa Burma Ironwood Photo: CC BY, Swarochi Tathagath
Irvingia malayana Irvingiaceae Photo: CC BY, Adam Kamal
Congea tomentosa Lluvia de orquideas Photo: CC0, author not stated
Kaempferia elegans Zingiberaceae Photo: CC BY, Anthony Batista
Homonoia riparia Willow-Leaved Water Croton Photo: CC BY, Thomas Gyselinck
Curcuma parviflora Zingiberaceae Photo: CC BY, jimmyOther Spondias 6 in the reference
Spondias dulcis Ambarella Photo: CC BY, Diogo Luiz
Spondias mombin Hog plum Photo: CC0, author not stated
Spondias purpurea Purple mombin Photo: CC0, author not stated
Spondias tuberosa Hog-plum Photo: CC0, author not stated
Spondias venulosa Anacardiaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Steve Fitzgerald Names & registers
Also known as Buchanania yunnanensis; Evia amara; Mangifera pinnata; Poupartia acuminata; Poupartia pinnata and 9 more. (GBIF Backbone)
The record
Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →
Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22GBIF's key 3661030 is Spondias pinnata (L.fil.) Kurz; the page links Kew's Spondias pinnata (L.f.) Kurz, and the name is cited as Kew cites itgbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 4 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (2 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 2 at a herbarium; Wikidata's list)climate answeredasked 2026-10-22climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 17.50_98.750, lapse-corrected -305 m at 6.5 °C/kmwikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22inat.photos.cultivated not askedgbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshotEvery source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 49 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.