Stenocarpus sinuatus, Sydney NSW, Australia

Stenocarpus sinuatus (Otto & A.Dietr.) Endl.

Firewheel tree, Queensland fire-wheel-tree, fire-wheel-tree, firetree

Climate known 78 photographs

Every figure on this page is derived from public data by a stated rule and says its source; nothing here is written by a person or a model, except the Wikipedia passage, which is quoted and marked as such. How it is made.

Summary

Stenocarpus sinuatus, known as the firewheel tree, is an Australian rainforest tree in the family Proteaceae. The range of natural distribution is in various rainforest types from the Nambucca River in New South Wales to the Atherton Tableland in tropical Queensland. Stenocarpus sinuatus is widely planted as an ornamental tree in other parts of Australia and in different parts of the world.

Text from Wikipedia, “Stenocarpus sinuatus”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written. Kept separate from everything derived here.

About the genus · Stenocarpus

Stenocarpus is a genus of about 22 species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae. They are trees or shrubs with variably-shaped leaves, zygomorphic, bisexual flowers, the floral tube opening on the lower side before separating into four parts, followed by fruit that is usually a narrow oblong or cylindrical follicle.

Text from Wikipedia, “Stenocarpus”, CC BY-SA 4.0, quoted as written.

Family

Proteaceae

Described by

(Otto & A.Dietr.) Endl.

Native to

New Guinea, New South Wales, Queensland

Wild records

980 in range· 732 open

At a glance

Warmest month

27°C

Jan, mean day; nights 20 °C (CHELSA)

Rain

1370mm/yr

12 wet months · peak Feb 193 mm (CHELSA)

Light

19–41DLI

mol/m²/day, winter to summer, open sky (CHELSA shortwave)

In short condensed by rule from the cultivation cards · not written by a person

Rain rule: a summer growing season, May to November in the northern hemisphere (November to May at the habitat, southern). Habitat rain 1370 mm a year, wettest February at 193 mm, driest September at 53 mm (habitat calendar, southern hemisphere). Open sky over the habitat: 19 to 41 mol/m²/day. Cold floor 4.2 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).

Each sentence is one card's own one-line form, written by the same rule as the card (Its year, Rain, Light, Temperature); the note cannot say what a card does not. Months are given for the northern hemisphere (set your site in Settings to change this), and the habitat's own alongside. The cards · the figures.

Also known as Agnostus sinuata Loudon; Agnostus sinuatus A.Cunn.; Agnostus sinuatus Lindl.; Agnostus sinuatus Otto & A.Dietr.; Cybele sinuata (Otto & A.Dietr.) Kuntze and 6 more.

Cultivation

Its year Rain rule: a summer growing season, May to November in the northern hemisphere (November to May at the habitat, southern).

This species’ habitat figures, and what two fixed rules read from them.

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the year's rain (1025 mm of 1370 mm) falls in November to May, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 21.1 °C against a yearly mean of 18.8 °C). Months are the habitat's, southern hemisphere; shifted six months for a northern-hemisphere collection: May to November.

Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the envelope cells: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve gives a season to reverse. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain Habitat rain 1370 mm a year, wettest February at 193 mm, driest September at 53 mm (habitat calendar, southern hemisphere).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

1370 mm a year at the habitat, 1025 mm of it November to May. Wettest month February at 193 mm, driest September at 53 mm. Across the envelope cells the year's total runs 905 mm to 1840 mm (10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year) (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; habitat calendar, southern hemisphere).

CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the envelope cells. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light Open sky over the habitat: 19 to 41 mol/m²/day.

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Open sky over the habitat: 19 to 41 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 16, the highest 90th-percentile month 43).

CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Warmth and air Cold floor 4.2 °C (1st-percentile habitat night, NASA POWER).

This species’ habitat figures, with their source.

Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell is 4.2 °C, the absolute minimum 0.7 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 36.4 °C. Monthly means: coldest night 9.7 °C in July (across the envelope cells 6.0 °C to 12.8 °C), warmest day 27.0 °C in January (median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). Cold floor: 4.2 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at the typical cell (NASA POWER).

NASA POWER daily minima and maxima 1981–2024 at the typical cell, lapse-corrected to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA. The cold floor is the figure named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 56 to 63% across the year (monthly means, median year across the envelope cells, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the envelope cells.

The figures the cards read from are in Climate below, and where they came from in Natural habitat.

Climate across the habitat

day night rain 10th–90th percentile across 451 habitat cells cold quarter: the three months around the coldest night extremes over 44 years at the typical cell, marked at the edge: undated DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale

Figures by month

	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Day °C	27 / 25–29	26 / 25–28	25 / 23–27	23 / 21–25	20 / 18–22	18 / 16–20	18 / 15–20	19 / 17–21	22 / 19–24	24 / 21–26	25 / 22–27	27 / 24–28
Night °C	20 / 18–22	20 / 18–22	19 / 16–21	16 / 13–19	14 / 10–16	11 / 7–14	10 / 6–13	10 / 7–13	13 / 9–15	15 / 12–17	17 / 14–19	19 / 16–21
Rain mm	151 / 83–282	193 / 122–330	159 / 87–237	137 / 81–195	116 / 69–173	91 / 55–127	61 / 40–86	57 / 38–73	53 / 37–68	83 / 62–102	119 / 87–147	150 / 79–198
DLI	40 / 38–42	35 / 34–37	32 / 30–34	26 / 24–29	21 / 18–25	19 / 16–23	21 / 18–25	27 / 24–30	34 / 31–38	38 / 37–42	40 / 39–42	41 / 40–43
RH %	62 / 59–67	63 / 60–69	63 / 60–68	62 / 59–67	61 / 58–65	59 / 57–63	57 / 56–63	56 / 54–61	56 / 55–60	58 / 55–62	60 / 57–64	61 / 58–65

Each figure is the median across the 451 grid cells holding the 947 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. Extremes and elevation were read at the typical cell 2369:6668 (-28.475, 153.425). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 0.7 °C, 1st-percentile night 4.2 °C, 99th-percentile day 36.4 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Envelope: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 451 distinct grid cells holding the 947 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 2369:6668 (its coldest month's mean night nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -28.50_153.125, lapse-corrected -45 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 177 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across every in-range record's cell, not at the marker.

Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.

NativeNew Guinea, New South Wales, Queensland

Kew's description“tree” · “seasonally dry tropical”· quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here

Map marker-28.523, 153.385 · in the densest population, 530 records (54% of those in range)

Evidence usedThe map marker and the climate envelope rest on all 980 georeferenced records inside the native range; the map shows only the 732 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 40 km away. 134 records outside the range (gardens, roadsides, misidentifications) ignored. 33 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km and stay on the map but off the climate.

The map markerthe map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 980 in-range records; it decides nothing.

Photographs

Photographs: (c) ian_mcallan, some rights reserved (CC BY) (3); (c) Lucas Christofides, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2); (c) Greg Tasney, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA) (3).

Photographs: iNaturalist did not answer when this page was built; what is shown came from the sources that did.

Papers naming this species

Works whose title or abstract names Stenocarpus sinuatus, most cited first, from OpenAlex (CC0). A mention, not a cultivation source: nothing on this page is drawn from them.

GC/MS Profiling, Anti-Collagenase, Anti-Elastase, Anti-Tyrosinase and Anti-Hyaluronidase Activities of a Stenocarpus sinuatus Leaves Extract

Mai M. Younis, Iriny M. Ayoub, Nada M. Mostafa, Mahmoud A. El Hassab (2022) · Plants

Chemical Studies of the Proteaceae. VI Two Naphthoquinones From Stenocarpus salignus

JR Mock, ST Murphy, E Ritchie, WC Taylor (1973) · Australian Journal of Chemistry

In vivo hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects ofStenocarpus sinuatusleaf extract against ifosfamide‐induced toxicity in rats

Mai M. Younis, Iriny M. Ayoub, Mina Y. George, Nada M. Mostafa (2023) · Archiv der Pharmazie

First Report of Southern Blight on Firewheel Tree, Bay Laurel, Bird of Paradise, Mediterranean Fan Palm, and Liverwort Caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Italy

G. Polizzi, Dalia Aiello, I. Castello, A. Vitale (2007) · Plant Disease

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