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An example collection, so you can see what this page does. Nothing added here is kept: leaving deletes it.
Viola subsinuata; photograph (c) Ryan Sorrells, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) Ryan Sorrells, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-06-25

Viola subsinuata (Greene) Greene

Wood violet; Wavy-leaved violet; Angell's violet; Hand-leaved violet

Violaceae · Ontario, Connecticut +16

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Viola subsinuata, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedViola subsinuata, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedViola subsinuata, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedViola subsinuata, photograph (c) Scott Cave, some rights reserved (CC BY)Viola subsinuata, photograph (c) Ryan Sorrells, some rights reserved (CC BY)Viola subsinuata, photograph (c) Ryan Sorrells, some rights reserved (CC BY) 61 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
-15.8°C
Record low -32.1 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
28°C
Jul at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,233mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
11–39DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Viola subsinuata, commonly called the early blue violet, is a species of flowering plant in the violet family (Violaceae). It is native to eastern North America, where it is primarily found in the Appalachian Mountains and Great Lakes area. Its natural habitat is in loamy forests, often over mafic or calcareous substrates.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Viola subsinuata", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Viola

The viola ( vee-OH-lə, Italian: [ˈvjɔːla, viˈɔːla]) is a string instrument of the violin family, and is usually bowed when played. The viola is slightly larger than the violin and has a lower sound. Since the 18th century, it has been the middle or alto voice of the violin family, between the violin (which is tuned a perfect fifth higher) and the cello (which is tuned an octave lower). More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Viola", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (871 mm of 1,233 mm) takes 8 months, March to September and December. Mean temperature moves 24.4 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: September to March and June.

Rain

1,233 mm in the median year at the habitat, 871 mm of it March to September and December. Wettest month July at 121 mm, driest month February at 82 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,011 mm to 1,530 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,233 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,233 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 11 to 39 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 10, the highest 90th-percentile month 40).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is -15.8 °C, the absolute minimum -32.1 °C, 5,681 frost nights in 44 years, 129.1 a year (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 34.5 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low -5.6 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range -8.3 °C to -0.8 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 27.7 °C in July (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: -15.8 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 56 to 60% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -7 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Viola subsinuata through the yearWarmest month July, mean daily high 28 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low -5.6 °C; 1,233 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.-40°-20°0°20°40°frost34.5° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER-32.1° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0255075100125150mm rainDLI 11–39RH 56–60%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 251 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C3 / 0–85 / 2–1010 / 7–1516 / 14–2021 / 19–2426 / 24–2828 / 26–3027 / 25–2923 / 22–2617 / 15–2011 / 9–145 / 2–9
Night °C-6 / -8–-1-4 / -7–0-1 / -3–45 / 3–810 / 9–1315 / 14–1818 / 16–2017 / 16–2014 / 12–168 / 6–103 / 1–5-3 / -5–1
Rain mm85 / 65–12982 / 60–143101 / 77–136104 / 86–126112 / 98–133116 / 101–139121 / 102–148109 / 89–127109 / 87–12897 / 69–12598 / 79–12899 / 73–137
DLI14 / 12–1719 / 18–2126 / 25–2832 / 31–3537 / 36–3839 / 38–4038 / 37–3934 / 33–3527 / 26–2921 / 19–2414 / 12–1811 / 10–15
RH %58 / 57–6157 / 56–5956 / 55–5756 / 54–5758 / 57–5959 / 58–6159 / 58–6260 / 58–6260 / 58–6159 / 57–6059 / 57–6059 / 57–61
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 251 grid cells holding the 327 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 989:1995 (40.525, -80.225). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum -32.1 °C, 1st-percentile night -15.8 °C, 99th-percentile day 34.5 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 251 distinct grid cells holding 327 of the 327 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 989:1995 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 40.50_-80.000, lapse-corrected -7 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 325 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeOntario, Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Vermont, West Virginia, Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, District of Columbia · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker41.645, -73.602 · in the densest population, 368 records (83% of those in range)
Extinct inRhode I. · recorded as extinct by WCVP: history, not habitat; no records are tested against these regions
Kew's description“perennial” · “temperate” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 446 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 327 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 116 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 444 km away. 68 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 119 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 446 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Viola subsinuata, photograph 1did not loadViola subsinuata, photograph 2did not loadViola subsinuata, photograph 3did not loadViola subsinuata, photograph 4did not loadViola subsinuata, photograph 5did not loadViola subsinuata, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (3); (c) Scott Cave, some rights reserved (CC BY); (c) Ryan Sorrells, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Scirpus polyphyllus Scirpus polyphyllus Leafy bulrush Photo: CC BY, Summit Metro ParksErigeron pulchellus Erigeron pulchellus Robin's plantain Photo: CC BY, The Earthmonk JournalSymphyotrichum undulatum Symphyotrichum undulatum Wavy-leaf aster Photo: CC BY, Heather MazzaccaroCollinsonia canadensis Collinsonia canadensis Northern horsebalm Photo: CC BY, Brian HaleCarex laxiflora Carex laxiflora Loose-flowered sedge Photo: CC BY, Nathan AaronParonychia canadensis Paronychia canadensis Smooth forked nailwort Photo: CC BY, Bonnie Semmling

Other Viola 138 in the reference

Viola acuminata Viola acuminata Long-stem violet Photo: CC0, author not statedViola adunca Viola adunca Blue violet Photo: CC BY, Syd CanningsViola alba Viola alba Parma violet Photo: CC BY, Илья РуденкоViola albida Viola albida Taebaek violet Photo: CC0, author not statedViola alpina Viola alpina Violaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, xulescu_gViola altaica Viola altaica Altaic Violet Photo: CC BY, b166erViola anagae Viola anagae Violaceae Photo: CC BY, Phill RobinsonViola arborescens Viola arborescens Shrubby Violet Photo: CC BY, Teo AlbertViola arvensis Viola arvensis Field pansy Photo: CC0, author not statedViola atropurpurea Viola atropurpurea Violaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Grzegorz GrzejszczakViola bakeri Viola bakeri Baker's violet Photo: CC BY, Gail A BakerViola banksii Viola banksii Australian Native Violet Photo: CC0, author not stated all 139 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Viola agellae; Viola emarginata var. subsinuata; Viola palmata var. angelliae. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Violaceae
Described by
(Greene) Greene
Native to
Ontario, Connecticut, Massachusetts +15
Wild records
446 in range · 116 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 9 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (8 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 1 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 40.50_-80.000, lapse-corrected -7 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 25 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

Opening your plants…