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An example collection, so you can see what this page does. Nothing added here is kept: leaving deletes it.
Ziziphus oenopolia; photograph (c) P Jeganathan, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) P Jeganathan, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-08-30

Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill.

Jackal jujube

Rhamnaceae · China South-Central, China Southeast +17

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Ziziphus oenopolia, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedZiziphus oenopolia, photograph (c) Shikha Sreenivas, some rights reserved (CC BY)Ziziphus oenopolia, photograph (c) Shikha Sreenivas, some rights reserved (CC BY)Ziziphus oenopolia, photograph (c) Shikha Sreenivas, some rights reserved (CC BY)Ziziphus oenopolia, photograph (c) Shikha Sreenivas, some rights reserved (CC BY)Ziziphus oenopolia, photograph (c) P Jeganathan, some rights reserved (CC BY) 88 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
13.7°C
Record low 10.9 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
34°C
Apr at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,329mm
8 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
27–43DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
A rainy season, June to October, neither the cool nor the warm half of the year. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Ziziphus oenopolia, commonly known as the jackal jujube, small-fruited jujube or wild jujube, is a flowering plant with a broad distribution through tropical and subtropical Asia and Australasia. In India, it is mostly found in the deciduous forests of the southern part of the country.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Ziziphus oenopolia", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Ziziphus

Ziziphus is a genus of spiny shrubs and small trees in the buckthorn family, Rhamnaceae. It includes 68 species native to tropical and subtropical parts of Africa, Eurasia, Australia and South America. The leaves are alternate, entire, with three prominent basal veins, and often aromatic. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Ziziphus", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a rainy season with no name: 70% of the median year's rain (1,004 mm of 1,254 mm) falls in June to October, whose mean temperature, 26.2 °C, is within half a degree of the year's, 25.9 °C, so it is neither the cooler nor the warmer part of the year. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: December to April.

Rain

1,254 mm in the median year at the habitat, 1,004 mm of it June to October. Wettest month July at 240 mm, driest month January at 9 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 842 mm to 3,520 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,329 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,254 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 27 to 43 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 23, the highest 90th-percentile month 46).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 13.7 °C, the absolute minimum 10.9 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 39.5 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 17.4 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 13.3 °C to 22.8 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 33.6 °C in April (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 13.7 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 54 to 67% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -233 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Ziziphus oenopolia through the yearWarmest month April, mean daily high 34 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 17.4 °C; 1,254 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.5°10°15°20°25°30°35°40°45°39.5° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER10.9° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter020040060080010001200mm rainDLI 27–43RH 54–67%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 382 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C28 / 25–3231 / 28–3333 / 30–3534 / 30–3832 / 30–3930 / 27–3629 / 26–3228 / 26–3229 / 27–3229 / 27–3128 / 26–3028 / 25–31
Night °C17 / 13–2319 / 15–2422 / 18–2524 / 21–2625 / 21–2824 / 21–2724 / 20–2624 / 20–2623 / 20–2522 / 19–2520 / 17–2418 / 14–23
Rain mm9 / 2–3210 / 1–3919 / 5–7946 / 5–15897 / 23–247159 / 62–889240 / 78–1046238 / 89–659198 / 111–355169 / 55–33656 / 13–25813 / 5–143
DLI34 / 30–3739 / 34–4142 / 39–4443 / 37–4640 / 32–4432 / 25–3627 / 23–3427 / 23–3431 / 28–3631 / 29–3531 / 27–3331 / 27–34
RH %56 / 50–6254 / 47–6155 / 45–6258 / 45–6561 / 46–6764 / 54–7366 / 59–7467 / 60–7366 / 60–7063 / 57–6961 / 52–6657 / 50–64

Records on both sides of the equator: the 191 cells at least 10° south of it have seasons six months apart and are left out, not combined into a year no place has. These figures are across the 382 cells that remain: the 325 at least 10° north and the 57 within 10° of the equator, which stay in either way.

How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 382 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (487 records in those cells; 3 more cells hold records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cells are left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1573:5137 (11.325, 76.875). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 10.9 °C, 1st-percentile night 13.7 °C, 99th-percentile day 39.5 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 382 distinct grid cells holding 487 of the 770 in-range records (3 further cells with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out) on the northern side of the equator (325 cells poleward of 10° north, 191 poleward of 10° south: the two sides' seasons are not combined, and cells within 10° of the equator stay in); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1573:5137 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 11.50_76.875, lapse-corrected -233 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 552 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeChina South-Central, China Southeast, Assam, Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Andaman Is., Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Philippines, New Guinea, Northern Territory, Queensland · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker10.494, 76.802 · in the densest population, 354 records (42% of those in range)
Kew's description“scrambling shrub or tree” · “seasonally dry tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 851 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 487 of them in the land cells it reads, of 770 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 615 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 6616 km away. 10 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 81 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 851 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Ziziphus oenopolia, photograph 1did not loadZiziphus oenopolia, photograph 2did not loadZiziphus oenopolia, photograph 3did not loadZiziphus oenopolia, photograph 4did not loadZiziphus oenopolia, photograph 5did not loadZiziphus oenopolia, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0; (c) Shikha Sreenivas, some rights reserved (CC BY) (4); (c) P Jeganathan, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Ficus benghalensis Ficus benghalensis Indian banyan Photo: CC BY, Sayee GirdhariCrossandra infundibuliformis Crossandra infundibuliformis Firecracker-flower Photo: CC BY, Fathima Nishana KPHemidesmus indicus Hemidesmus indicus Apocynaceae Photo: CC BY, AparnaLeucas aspera Leucas aspera Common leucas Photo: CC BY, Siya ul haqueDalbergia lanceolaria Dalbergia lanceolaria Fabaceae Photo: CC BY, Ravuri Krishna ChaitanyaWrightia tinctoria Wrightia tinctoria Pala indigo Photo: CC BY, Ravuri Krishna Chaitanya

Other Ziziphus 8 in the reference

Ziziphus jujuba Ziziphus jujuba Common jujube Photo: CC BY, Kim, Hyun-taeZiziphus lotus Ziziphus lotus Lotus tree Photo: CC BY, Karim HaddadZiziphus mauritiana Ziziphus mauritiana Indian jujube Photo: CC BY-SA, Ong Jyh SengZiziphus mucronata Ziziphus mucronata Buffalo thorn Photo: CC BY-SA, Rebecca Ryen-StolsZiziphus nummularia Ziziphus nummularia Jujube Photo: CC BY, harrierZiziphus rivularis Ziziphus rivularis False Buffalo Thorn Photo: CC BY, Wynand UysZiziphus rugosa Ziziphus rugosa Wrinkled Jujube Photo: CC BY, Ravuri Krishna ChaitanyaZiziphus spina-christi Ziziphus spina-christi Christ's-thorn Photo: CC BY, Theo Busschau

Names & registers

Also known as Girtanneria oenoplia; Girtanneria oenopolia; Rhamnus oenoplia; Rhamnus oenopolia; Ziziphus albens and 13 more. (GBIF Backbone)

Under another author Ziziphus lotus Blanco is an older name of this species, not Ziziphus lotus, a species of the reference. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Rhamnaceae
Described by
(L.) Mill.
Native to
China South-Central, China Southeast, Assam +16
Wild records
851 in range · 615 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 1 record within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (1 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 11.50_76.875, lapse-corrected -233 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22IPNI and POWO linked by Kew's number for Ziziphus oenopolia (L.) Mill. (the item's: IPNI 719373-1, POWO 52320-3)
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 43 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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