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Gossypium darwinii; photograph author not stated, no rights reserved CC0author not stated, no rights reserved · observed growing wild · 2016-03-12

Gossypium darwinii G.Watt

Darwin's Cotton; Galápagos Cotton

Malvaceae · Galápagos

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Gossypium darwinii, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedGossypium darwinii, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedGossypium darwinii, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedGossypium darwinii, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedGossypium darwinii, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedGossypium darwinii, photograph (c) Karen Guin, some rights reserved (CC BY) 61 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Coldest month, mean nightly low
20.4°C
Sep at the habitat, not a floor; extremes not used (sea cell) CHELSA
Warmest month, mean daily high
26°C
Feb, Mar and Apr at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,084mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
35–43DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in the habitat's months, not shifted
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes December to April (the habitat's months, not shifted), read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Not shifted: the shift rule does not apply to this habitat. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Gossypium darwinii, or Darwin's cotton, is a species of cotton plant which is found only on the Galapagos Islands. Genetic studies indicate that it is most closely related to the native American species Gossypium barbadense, thus it is surmised that a seed arrived from South America on the wind, in the droppings of a bird or associated with debris by sea.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Gossypium darwinii", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Gossypium

Gossypium is a genus of flowering plants in the tribe Gossypieae of the mallow family, Malvaceae, from which cotton is harvested. It is native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Old and New Worlds. There are about 50 Gossypium species, making it the largest genus in the tribe Gossypieae, and new species continue to be discovered. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Gossypium", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (839 mm of 1,146 mm) falls in December to April, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 24.4 °C against a yearly mean of 23.0 °C). Months are the habitat's, southern hemisphere. The habitat lies within 10° of the equator, where the shift rule does not apply, so they are not shifted for a collection elsewhere.

Rain

1,146 mm in the median year at the habitat, 839 mm of it December to April. Wettest month February at 225 mm, driest month October at 35 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 771 mm to 1,971 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,084 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,146 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, southern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 35 to 43 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 34, the highest 90th-percentile month 44).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 20.4 °C in September (across the grid cells of the range 19.5 °C to 20.7 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 26.3 °C in March (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: none read. The nearest figure is 20.4 °C, the coldest month's mean nightly low, September, in the median year (CHELSA); a month's mean of its nightly lows is warmer than the nights a floor is read from. The daily extremes were read at a weather cell that is mostly sea and are not used.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 66 to 70% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. No cold floor is read without a daily extremes series; the coldest month's mean nightly low named in its sentence is not one. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, southern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Gossypium darwinii through the yearWarmest months February, March and April, mean daily high 26 °C; coldest month September, mean nightly low 20.4 °C; 1,146 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA. Habitat months, southern hemisphere.15°20°25°30°°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400mm rainDLI 35–43RH 66–70%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 46 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C25 / 24–2726 / 25–2826 / 25–2826 / 25–2825 / 24–2723 / 23–2623 / 22–2522 / 21–2422 / 21–2422 / 21–2523 / 22–2523 / 23–26
Night °C23 / 21–2424 / 22–2525 / 23–2524 / 22–2523 / 22–2422 / 21–2321 / 20–2221 / 20–2120 / 20–2121 / 20–2121 / 20–2222 / 21–23
Rain mm220 / 134–348225 / 108–379169 / 95–328130 / 89–24565 / 44–9951 / 44–11546 / 31–10936 / 23–7536 / 15–6535 / 17–6038 / 27–6195 / 70–149
DLI38 / 37–3941 / 40–4243 / 42–4441 / 40–4138 / 37–3935 / 34–3735 / 34–3736 / 35–3939 / 37–4241 / 39–4440 / 38–4238 / 37–38
RH %69 / 64–7568 / 65–7467 / 65–7370 / 65–7569 / 64–7668 / 63–7567 / 63–7467 / 63–7567 / 62–7566 / 62–7466 / 62–7468 / 63–75

The daily extremes were read at a NASA POWER cell that is 16% land: neither it nor the next candidates whose coldest month's mean nightly low is within 2 °C of the median across cells sit in a POWER cell that is mostly land, and the rule reads a cold floor only from a cell that is mostly land, so none is read for this species. Nor is the coldest month's mean nightly low taken as one: it is a mean of a month's lows, not its coldest night. What that cell gave over 44 years: absolute minimum 16.9 °C, 1st-percentile night 18.9 °C, 99th-percentile day 28.2 °C.

How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 46 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (304 records in those cells; 1 more cell holds records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cell is left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1818:1807 (-0.925, -89.625). Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 46 distinct grid cells holding 304 of the 305 in-range records (1 further cell with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1818:1807 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells, though its NASA POWER cell is only 16% land and none of the 11 next candidates within 2 °C of the median was mostly land); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -1.00_-89.375, lapse-corrected +23 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 33 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeGalápagos · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker-0.742, -90.309 · in the densest population, 442 records (100% of those in range)
Kew's description“tree” · “seasonally dry tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 442 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 304 of them in the land cells it reads, of 305 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 94 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 7 km away. 2 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 137 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 442 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Gossypium darwinii, photograph 1did not loadGossypium darwinii, photograph 2did not loadGossypium darwinii, photograph 3did not loadGossypium darwinii, photograph 4did not loadGossypium darwinii, photograph 5did not loadGossypium darwinii, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (5); (c) Karen Guin, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Alternanthera filifolia Alternanthera filifolia Three-leafed chaff flower Photo: CC BY, Jacob SaucierOpuntia galapageia Opuntia galapageia Galápagos Prickly Pear Photo: CC BY, SlunkyCroton scouleri Croton scouleri Euphorbiaceae Photo: CC BY, Naji LoveJasminocereus thouarsii Jasminocereus thouarsii Candelabra Cactus Photo: CC BY, SlunkyAlternanthera echinocephala Alternanthera echinocephala Sea-urchin joyweed Photo: CC BY, Mike BradyVolkameria mollis Volkameria mollis Glorybower Photo: CC BY, Zihao Wang

Other Gossypium 11 in the reference

Gossypium anomalum Gossypium anomalum African Wild Cotton Photo: CC0, author not statedGossypium arboreum Gossypium arboreum Tree cotton Photo: CC BY-SA, Ankit PathakGossypium barbadense Gossypium barbadense Creole cotton Photo: CC BY, Barry StewartGossypium harknessii Gossypium harknessii San Marcos Hibiscus Photo: CC BY, Abraham Sánchez RomeroGossypium herbaceum Gossypium herbaceum Levant cotton Photo: CC BY-SA, Rebecca Ryen-StolsGossypium hirsutum Gossypium hirsutum Cotton Photo: CC0, author not statedGossypium klotzschianum Gossypium klotzschianum Galapagos Cotton Photo: CC BY, Rachel AllinghamGossypium raimondii Gossypium raimondii Malvaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Krzysztof Ziarnek, KenraizGossypium sturtianum Gossypium sturtianum Sturt's desert rose Photo: CC BY, Petra HollandGossypium thurberi Gossypium thurberi Wild cotton Photo: CC BY, John ThomlinsonGossypium tomentosum Gossypium tomentosum Hawaiian cotton Photo: CC BY, Thomas Irvine

Names & registers

Also known as Gossypium barbadense f. darwinii; Gossypium barbadense subsp. darwinii; Gossypium barbadense var. darwinii. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Malvaceae
Described by
G.Watt
Native to
Galápagos
Wild records
442 in range · 94 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 52 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (2 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 50 at a herbarium; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -1.00_-89.375, lapse-corrected +23 m at 6.5 °C/km; read, and set aside: NASA POWER's cell is mostly sea (16% land), so no cold floor is shown
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 9 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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