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Hibiscus makinoi; photograph (c) Saryu Mae 前 朝琉, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) Saryu Mae 前 朝琉, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-03-22

Hibiscus makinoi Jôtani & H.Ohba

Makino's Mallow

Malvaceae · Japan, Nansei-shoto

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Hibiscus makinoi, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedHibiscus makinoi, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedHibiscus makinoi, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedHibiscus makinoi, photograph (c) vrxz, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)Hibiscus makinoi, photograph (c) vrxz, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA)Hibiscus makinoi, photograph (c) vrxz, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA) 74 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Coldest month, mean nightly low
14.6°C
Jan and Feb at the habitat, not a floor; extremes not used (sea cell) CHELSA
Warmest month, mean daily high
28°C
Jul and Aug at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
2,722mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
15–41DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 8 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Hibiscus makinoi, commonly known as the Okinawan Hibiscus or Makino's Mallow, is a species of Hibiscus native to the coast in Japan from the Ryukyu Islands to western Kyushu, as well as eastern to southern Taiwan.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Hibiscus makinoi", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Hibiscus

Hibiscus is a genus of plants in the family Malvaceae native to the tropics and subtropics. The genus is quite large, comprising 319 species. Hibiscus are renowned for their large, showy flowers and those species are commonly known simply as "hibiscus", or less widely known as rose mallow. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Hibiscus", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (2,153 mm of 2,825 mm) takes 8 months, March to October. Mean temperature moves 11.7 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: September to April.

Rain

2,825 mm in the median year at the habitat, 2,153 mm of it March to October. Wettest month June at 389 mm, driest month December at 153 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 2,406 mm to 4,144 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 2,722 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 2,825 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 15 to 41 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 14, the highest 90th-percentile month 42).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 14.6 °C in January and February (across the grid cells of the range 9.4 °C to 17.7 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 28.2 °C in August (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: none read. The nearest figure is 14.6 °C, the coldest month's mean nightly low, January and February, in the median year (CHELSA); a month's mean of its nightly lows is warmer than the nights a floor is read from. The daily extremes were read at a weather cell that is mostly sea and are not used.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 56 to 69% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. No cold floor is read without a daily extremes series; the coldest month's mean nightly low named in its sentence is not one. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Hibiscus makinoi through the yearWarmest months July and August, mean daily high 28 °C; coldest months January and February, mean nightly low 14.6 °C; 2,825 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.5°10°15°20°25°30°°C · day and nightcold quarter0200400600800mm rainDLI 15–41RH 56–69%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 24 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C17 / 12–2017 / 13–2019 / 15–2121 / 18–2323 / 21–2526 / 23–2728 / 27–2928 / 28–2927 / 26–2825 / 22–2622 / 18–2419 / 14–21
Night °C15 / 9–1815 / 10–1816 / 12–1919 / 15–2222 / 19–2424 / 22–2627 / 25–2727 / 26–2726 / 24–2623 / 20–2520 / 16–2217 / 12–19
Rain mm173 / 123–236169 / 143–229227 / 179–370240 / 195–386285 / 235–412389 / 251–750198 / 168–345290 / 232–312297 / 247–418227 / 157–302177 / 133–294153 / 122–211
DLI15 / 14–1619 / 18–2025 / 24–2631 / 31–3234 / 33–3433 / 31–3741 / 36–4238 / 35–3833 / 29–3426 / 24–2718 / 18–1915 / 14–16
RH %56 / 54–5857 / 56–5959 / 57–6262 / 60–6564 / 63–6769 / 67–7368 / 66–7267 / 65–7164 / 63–6860 / 58–6358 / 56–6056 / 54–57

The daily extremes were read at a NASA POWER cell that is 28% land: neither it nor the next candidates whose coldest month's mean nightly low is within 2 °C of the median across cells sit in a POWER cell that is mostly land, and the rule reads a cold floor only from a cell that is mostly land, so none is read for this species. Nor is the coldest month's mean nightly low taken as one: it is a mean of a month's lows, not its coldest night. What that cell gave over 44 years: absolute minimum 6.8 °C, 1st-percentile night 11.6 °C, 99th-percentile day 30.2 °C.

How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 24 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (27 records in those cells; 5 more cells hold records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cells are left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1232:6192 (28.375, 129.625). Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 24 distinct grid cells holding 27 of the 32 in-range records (5 further cells with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1232:6192 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells, though its NASA POWER cell is only 28% land and none of the 11 next candidates within 2 °C of the median was mostly land); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 28.50_129.375, lapse-corrected +47 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 67 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeJapan, Nansei-shoto · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker26.765, 128.205 · in the densest population, 53 records (50% of those in range)
Kew's description“shrub” · “subtropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 105 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 27 of them in the land cells it reads, of 32 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 88 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 3 km away. 79 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 73 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 105 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Hibiscus makinoi, photograph 1did not loadHibiscus makinoi, photograph 2did not loadHibiscus makinoi, photograph 3did not loadHibiscus makinoi, photograph 4did not loadHibiscus makinoi, photograph 5did not loadHibiscus makinoi, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (3); (c) vrxz, some rights reserved (CC BY-SA) (3).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Ajuga pygmaea Ajuga pygmaea Taiwan Bugle Photo: CC BY, Francisca WuLigustrum liukiuense Ligustrum liukiuense Oleaceae Photo: CC BY, 謝麗霦Cycas revoluta Cycas revoluta Sago palm Photo: CC0, author not statedCrepidiastrum lanceolatum Crepidiastrum lanceolatum Sword-leaf crepidiastrum Photo: CC BY, Kiwi ShenSedum formosanum Sedum formosanum Alfred Stonecrop Photo: CC0, author not statedAlpinia formosana Alpinia formosana Zingiberaceae Photo: CC0, author not stated

Other Hibiscus 54 in the reference

Hibiscus acetosella Hibiscus acetosella Malvaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, ZuinHibiscus aethiopicus Hibiscus aethiopicus Cape Hibiscus Photo: CC BY, Martjie Fia Fourie Hibiscus aridicola Malvaceae Hibiscus arnottianus Hibiscus arnottianus White Molokai Hibiscus Photo: CC0, author not statedHibiscus biseptus Hibiscus biseptus Arizona rose-mallow Photo: CC BY, Jose Luis Leon de la LuzHibiscus boryanus Hibiscus boryanus Malvaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Planete TerreHibiscus calyphyllus Hibiscus calyphyllus Lemonyellow rosemallow Photo: CC0, author not statedHibiscus clayi Hibiscus clayi Clay's hibiscus Photo: CC0, author not statedHibiscus coccineus Hibiscus coccineus Scarlet rose-mallow Photo: CC0, author not statedHibiscus columnaris Hibiscus columnaris Malvaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Claude Marodon Hibiscus cooperi Malvaceae Hibiscus coulteri Hibiscus coulteri Desert rose-mallow Photo: CC BY, Ulises Pinedo all 55 ›

Names & registers

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Malvaceae
Described by
Jôtani & H.Ohba
Native to
Japan, Nansei-shoto
Wild records
105 in range · 88 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 7 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (6 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 1 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 28.50_129.375, lapse-corrected +47 m at 6.5 °C/km; read, and set aside: NASA POWER's cell is mostly sea (28% land), so no cold floor is shown
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22none of the photographs on this page is credited to GBIF: those shown are other sources', and GBIF's were the same photographs or were set aside by the photograph rules
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 13 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

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