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Lepidium bidentatum; photograph (c) Kevin Faccenda, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) Kevin Faccenda, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2022-02-12

Lepidium bidentatum Montin

Kunana pepperwort

Brassicaceae · New Caledonia, Tokelau-Manihiki +9

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Lepidium bidentatum, photograph (c) Kevin Faccenda, some rights reserved (CC BY)Lepidium bidentatum, photograph (c) Kevin Faccenda, some rights reserved (CC BY)Lepidium bidentatum, photograph (c) Kevin Faccenda, some rights reserved (CC BY)Lepidium bidentatum, photograph (c) Kevin Faccenda, some rights reserved (CC BY)Lepidium bidentatum, photograph (c) Kevin Faccenda, some rights reserved (CC BY)Lepidium bidentatum, photograph (c) Kevin Faccenda, some rights reserved (CC BY) 15 photographs ›
Habitat figuresfrom few records
Coldest month, mean nightly low
22.7°C
Aug at the habitat, not a floor; extremes not used (sea cell) CHELSA
Warmest month, mean daily high
27°C
Jan, Feb, Mar and Apr at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
2,365mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
24–42DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in the habitat's months, not shifted
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
A sharp rainy season, November to May (the habitat's months, not shifted), in a year of even temperature. rain rule, CHELSA
Not shifted: the shift rule does not apply to this habitat. The chart is in the habitat's months.

From few records: 5 records in 5 grid cells. The records.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a sharp season: 70% of the median year's rain (1,668 mm of 2,305 mm) falls in November to May. The temperature curve is flat, 3.2 °C between the warmest and coldest month, so the growing-season rule does not infer a growing season from it. Months are the habitat's, southern hemisphere. The temperature curve moves under 4 °C between the warmest and coldest month, where the shift rule does not apply, so they are not shifted for a collection elsewhere.

Rain

2,305 mm in the median year at the habitat, 1,668 mm of it November to May. Wettest month February at 285 mm, driest month July at 111 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,902 mm to 2,804 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 2,365 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 2,305 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, southern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 24 to 42 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 21, the highest 90th-percentile month 43).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 22.7 °C in August (across the grid cells of the range 19.9 °C to 25.3 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 27.2 °C in February and March (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: none read. The nearest figure is 22.7 °C, the coldest month's mean nightly low, August, in the median year (CHELSA); a month's mean of its nightly lows is warmer than the nights a floor is read from. The daily extremes were read at a weather cell that is mostly sea and are not used.

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 60 to 64% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. No cold floor is read without a daily extremes series; the coldest month's mean nightly low named in its sentence is not one. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

From few records: this habitat climate is read from 5 records in 5 grid cells; a page says so under 12 records or 5 cells, and shows the figures as read.

Habitat months, southern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Lepidium bidentatum through the yearWarmest months January, February, March and April, mean daily high 27 °C; coldest month August, mean nightly low 22.7 °C; 2,305 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA. Habitat months, southern hemisphere.15°20°25°30°°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400mm rainDLI 24–42RH 60–64%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 5 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C27 / 26–2827 / 27–2827 / 27–2827 / 26–2826 / 24–2825 / 23–2724 / 22–2724 / 22–2724 / 23–2725 / 24–2725 / 25–2726 / 26–28
Night °C25 / 24–2626 / 25–2626 / 25–2625 / 24–2625 / 22–2624 / 21–2623 / 20–2523 / 20–2523 / 20–2523 / 21–2524 / 22–2625 / 23–26
Rain mm279 / 214–335285 / 230–335249 / 223–286227 / 173–278170 / 145–203140 / 110–168111 / 106–179113 / 80–152115 / 84–169158 / 102–207193 / 135–253265 / 205–377
DLI40 / 39–4239 / 38–4037 / 35–3831 / 30–3526 / 24–3124 / 21–2925 / 23–3129 / 28–3535 / 34–3940 / 38–4242 / 41–4241 / 38–43
RH %64 / 64–6564 / 64–6564 / 63–6563 / 63–6461 / 61–6361 / 59–6260 / 58–6260 / 58–6260 / 59–6262 / 60–6362 / 61–6363 / 63–64

The daily extremes were read at a NASA POWER cell that is 0% land: neither it nor the next candidates whose coldest month's mean nightly low is within 2 °C of the median across cells sit in a POWER cell that is mostly land, and the rule reads a cold floor only from a cell that is mostly land, so none is read for this species. Nor is the coldest month's mean nightly low taken as one: it is a mean of a month's lows, not its coldest night. What that cell gave over 44 years: absolute minimum 18.9 °C, 1st-percentile night 21.0 °C, 99th-percentile day 28.1 °C.

How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 5 grid cells holding the 5 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 2197:446 (-19.875, -157.675). Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 5 distinct grid cells holding 5 of the 5 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 2197:446 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells, though its NASA POWER cell is only 0% land and none of the 2 next candidates within 2 °C of the median was mostly land); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -20.00_-157.500, lapse-corrected +51 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 51 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeNew Caledonia, Tokelau-Manihiki, Cook Is., Line Is., Marquesas, Pitcairn Is., Society Is., Tuamotu, Tubuai Is., Wake I., Hawaii · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker-15.02, -147.77 · in the densest population, 29 records (51% of those in range)
Kew's description“perennial or subshrub” · “seasonally dry tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 57 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 5 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 51 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker in the same place. 13 records outside the WCVP native range not used. Under a dozen records behind the climate. 52 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 57 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Lepidium bidentatum, photograph 1did not loadLepidium bidentatum, photograph 2did not loadLepidium bidentatum, photograph 3did not loadLepidium bidentatum, photograph 4did not loadLepidium bidentatum, photograph 5did not loadLepidium bidentatum, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) Kevin Faccenda, some rights reserved (CC BY) (6).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Heliotropium anomalum Heliotropium anomalum Polynesian heliotrope Photo: CC BY, Neal Kelso Solanum viride Solanaceae Barringtonia edulis Barringtonia edulis Cutnut Photo: CC BY, Eric KnightAngiopteris madagascariensis Angiopteris madagascariensis Marattiaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedSphaeropteris lunulata Sphaeropteris lunulata Balabala Photo: CC BY, Cheng-Wei CHENMetrosideros vitiensis Metrosideros vitiensis Myrtaceae Photo: CC BY, Neal Kelso

Other Lepidium 33 in the reference

Lepidium africanum Lepidium africanum African pepperwort Photo: CC0, author not statedLepidium apetalum Lepidium apetalum Peppergrass Photo: CC BY, Urgamal MagsarLepidium austrinum Lepidium austrinum Southern pepperweed Photo: CC BY, IDClaireLepidium banksii Lepidium banksii Coastal Peppercress Photo: CC0, author not statedLepidium bipinnatifidum Lepidium bipinnatifidum Wayside Pepperwort Photo: CC BY, Raúl A. Ruiz M.Lepidium bonariense Lepidium bonariense Argentine pepperwort Photo: CC BY, pedrogarabayaLepidium campestre Lepidium campestre Field pepperwort Photo: CC BY, Jo RobertsLepidium chichicara Lepidium chichicara Brassicaceae Photo: CC0, Alfredo F. Fuentes ClarosLepidium coronopus Lepidium coronopus Greater swinecress Photo: CC0, author not statedLepidium densiflorum Lepidium densiflorum Miner's pepperwort Photo: CC BY, Евгений МаринкинLepidium didymum Lepidium didymum Lesser swinecress Photo: CC BY, ShaunLepidium draba Lepidium draba Hoary cress Photo: CC0, author not stated all 34 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Lepidium bidentoides var. rapense; Lepidium bidentoides var. typicum; Lepidium piscidium; Thlaspi piscidium. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataiNaturalist

The record

Family
Brassicaceae
Described by
Montin
Native to
New Caledonia, Tokelau-Manihiki, Cook Is. +8
Wild records
57 in range · 51 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -20.00_-157.500, lapse-corrected +51 m at 6.5 °C/km; read, and set aside: NASA POWER's cell is mostly sea (0% land), so no cold floor is shown
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
Wikimedia Commons commons nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 15 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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