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Manilkara hexandra; photograph (c) Teja Yantrapalli, some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) Teja Yantrapalli, some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-05-10

Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard

Ceylon Ironwood; Milk Tree

Sapotaceae · Hainan, China Southeast +8

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Manilkara hexandra, photograph (c) Pranav Chandra Bose, some rights reserved (CC BY)Manilkara hexandra, photograph (c) Pranav Chandra Bose, some rights reserved (CC BY)Manilkara hexandra, photograph (c) Pranav Chandra Bose, some rights reserved (CC BY)Manilkara hexandra, photograph (c) Pranav Chandra Bose, some rights reserved (CC BY)Manilkara hexandra, photograph (c) Pranav Chandra Bose, some rights reserved (CC BY)Manilkara hexandra, photograph (c) Srivatsan Ramkumar, some rights reserved (CC BY) 66 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
9.8°C
Record low 5.2 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
38°C
May at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
970mm
6 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
26–46DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Wet summers: the rain comes July to September, read as a summer growing season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Manilkara hexandra, the milk tree or Ceylon ironwood, is a tree species in the tribe Sapoteae, in the family Sapotaceae. It is native to China; much of the Indian subcontinent: Bangladesh, India, and Sri Lanka; Indo-China: Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Manilkara hexandra", CC BY-SA 4.0.

About the genus · Manilkara

Manilkara is a genus of trees in the family Sapotaceae. They are widespread in tropical and semitropical locations, in Africa, Madagascar, Asia, Australia, and Latin America, as well as various islands in the Pacific and in the Caribbean. A close relative is the genus Pouteria.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Manilkara", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a summer growing season: 70% of the median year's rain (608 mm of 844 mm) falls in July to September, warmer than the year (wet-season mean 28.0 °C against a yearly mean of 26.5 °C). Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere; shifted six months for a southern-hemisphere collection: January to March.

Rain

844 mm in the median year at the habitat, 608 mm of it July to September. Wettest month July at 252 mm, driest month March at 5 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 660 mm to 2,155 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 970 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 844 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 26 to 46 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 23, the highest 90th-percentile month 48).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 9.8 °C, the absolute minimum 5.2 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 45.7 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 14.7 °C in January (across the grid cells of the range 9.1 °C to 21.5 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 38.3 °C in May (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 9.8 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 47 to 64% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -115 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Manilkara hexandra through the yearWarmest month May, mean daily high 38 °C; coldest month January, mean nightly low 14.7 °C; 844 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.0°10°20°30°40°50°45.7° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER5.2° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0200400600800mm rainDLI 26–46RH 47–64%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 83 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C27 / 22–2929 / 25–3233 / 29–3537 / 31–3938 / 31–4135 / 30–3932 / 28–3430 / 27–3331 / 28–3331 / 28–3429 / 27–3127 / 23–29
Night °C15 / 9–2216 / 12–2219 / 16–2423 / 21–2626 / 23–2827 / 22–2826 / 21–2725 / 21–2624 / 21–2621 / 19–2518 / 15–2415 / 10–22
Rain mm6 / 1–716 / 1–435 / 1–607 / 1–10326 / 9–8080 / 30–346252 / 42–615229 / 46–438127 / 71–28284 / 17–21115 / 6–2377 / 1–160
DLI31 / 28–3437 / 34–3943 / 40–4446 / 40–4746 / 39–4837 / 30–4128 / 24–3726 / 23–3833 / 29–3834 / 31–3631 / 27–3328 / 26–32
RH %51 / 47–6348 / 44–6147 / 40–6148 / 36–6350 / 39–6456 / 48–6762 / 57–7164 / 57–7061 / 57–6857 / 47–6451 / 46–6651 / 47–65
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 83 grid cells holding the 106 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1379:5111 (21.025, 75.575). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 5.2 °C, 1st-percentile night 9.8 °C, 99th-percentile day 45.7 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 83 distinct grid cells holding 106 of the 106 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1379:5111 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 21.00_75.625, lapse-corrected -115 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 207 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeHainan, China Southeast, Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaya · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker12.557, 79.022 · in the densest population, 75 records (43% of those in range)
Kew's description“tree” · “wet tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 176 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 106 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 93 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 928 km away. 1 record outside the WCVP native range not used. 70 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 176 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Manilkara hexandra, photograph 1did not loadManilkara hexandra, photograph 2did not loadManilkara hexandra, photograph 3did not loadManilkara hexandra, photograph 4did not loadManilkara hexandra, photograph 5did not loadManilkara hexandra, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) Pranav Chandra Bose, some rights reserved (CC BY) (5); (c) Srivatsan Ramkumar, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Solanum virginianum Solanum virginianum Surattense nightshade Photo: CC BY, Raja Sekhar ChimiralaArgyreia nervosa Argyreia nervosa Elephant creeper Photo: CC0, author not statedTrichodesma indicum Trichodesma indicum Boraginaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedDiospyros melanoxylon Diospyros melanoxylon Tendu Photo: CC BY, Ravuri Krishna ChaitanyaElytraria acaulis Elytraria acaulis Acanthaceae Photo: CC0, author not statedCocculus hirsutus Cocculus hirsutus Menispermaceae Photo: CC BY, Raja Sekhar Chimirala

Other Manilkara 8 in the reference

Manilkara bidentata Manilkara bidentata Bulletwood Photo: CC BY, Mario GuzmánManilkara chicle Manilkara chicle Chicle Photo: CC BY, Fabrício Mil Homens RiellaManilkara jaimiqui Manilkara jaimiqui Wild dilly Photo: CC BY, Dominic GentilcoreManilkara kauki Manilkara kauki Wongai Plum Photo: CC BY, Matt BManilkara pleeana Manilkara pleeana Zapote de costa Photo: CC BY-SA, Kurt MillerManilkara subsericea Manilkara subsericea Sapotaceae Photo: CC BY, Pablo Cauã da Silva Toledo Manilkara valenzuelana Sapotaceae Manilkara zapota Manilkara zapota Sapodilla Photo: CC BY, Stephanie Tran

Names & registers

Also known as Kaukenia hexandra; Manilkara emarginata; Mimusops hexandra; Mimusops indica. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Sapotaceae
Described by
(Roxb.) Dubard
Native to
Hainan, China Southeast, Bangladesh +7
Wild records
176 in range · 93 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 6 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (2 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 1 at a herbarium, 3 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 21.00_75.625, lapse-corrected -115 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 25 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

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