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Hibiscus kokio; photograph author not stated, no rights reserved CC0author not stated, no rights reserved · observed growing wild · 2025-08-30

Hibiscus kokio Hillebr. ex Wawra

Saint John's Rosemallow; Clay hibiscus; Native red hibiscus; Koki'o 'ula'ula

Malvaceae · Hawaii

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Hibiscus kokio, photograph (c) Brynn Fricke, some rights reserved (CC BY)Hibiscus kokio, photograph (c) Brynn Fricke, some rights reserved (CC BY)Hibiscus kokio, photograph (c) Brynn Fricke, some rights reserved (CC BY)Hibiscus kokio, photograph (c) Duban Espinoza, some rights reserved (CC BY)Hibiscus kokio, photograph (c) Duban Espinoza, some rights reserved (CC BY)Hibiscus kokio, photograph (c) Norma Malinowski, some rights reserved (CC BY) 16 photographs ›
Habitat figuresfrom few records
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
18.5°C
Record low 16.9 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
25°C
Jul, Aug, Sep and Oct at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
1,245mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
25–45DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in the habitat's months, not shifted
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
A sharp rainy season, November to April (the habitat's months, not shifted), in a year of even temperature. rain rule, CHELSA
Not shifted: the shift rule does not apply to this habitat. The chart is in the habitat's months.

From few records: 9 records in 7 grid cells. The records.

About the genus · Hibiscus

Hibiscus is a genus of plants in the family Malvaceae native to the tropics and subtropics. The genus is quite large, comprising 319 species. Hibiscus are renowned for their large, showy flowers and those species are commonly known simply as "hibiscus", or less widely known as rose mallow. More on Wikipedia ›

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Hibiscus", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads a sharp season: 70% of the median year's rain (897 mm of 1,275 mm) falls in November to April. The temperature curve is flat, 3.2 °C between the warmest and coldest month, so the growing-season rule does not infer a growing season from it. Months are the habitat's, northern hemisphere. The temperature curve moves under 4 °C between the warmest and coldest month, where the shift rule does not apply, so they are not shifted for a collection elsewhere.

Rain

1,275 mm in the median year at the habitat, 897 mm of it November to April. Wettest month December at 188 mm, driest month June at 43 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 1,049 mm to 2,999 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 1,245 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 1,275 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, northern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 25 to 45 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 24, the highest 90th-percentile month 46).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 18.5 °C, the absolute minimum 16.9 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 27.7 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 19.5 °C in February (across the grid cells of the range 17.6 °C to 21.2 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 25.2 °C in September (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 18.5 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 64 to 67% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected +219 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

From few records: this habitat climate is read from 9 records in 7 grid cells; a page says so under 12 records or 5 cells, and shows the figures as read.

Habitat months, northern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Hibiscus kokio through the yearWarmest months July, August, September and October, mean daily high 25 °C; coldest month February, mean nightly low 19.5 °C; 1,275 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, northern hemisphere.15°20°25°30°27.7° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER16.9° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter0100200300400mm rainDLI 25–45RH 64–67%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 7 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C22 / 21–2322 / 21–2322 / 21–2323 / 21–2323 / 22–2424 / 23–2525 / 24–2525 / 24–2625 / 24–2625 / 24–2624 / 23–2523 / 21–24
Night °C20 / 18–2220 / 18–2120 / 18–2120 / 18–2221 / 19–2222 / 20–2323 / 21–2423 / 21–2423 / 21–2423 / 21–2422 / 20–2321 / 19–22
Rain mm168 / 138–279114 / 95–224172 / 144–305106 / 87–24166 / 55–21143 / 32–16157 / 43–22756 / 43–23357 / 45–20099 / 84–265149 / 125–324188 / 154–331
DLI27 / 26–2932 / 31–3437 / 36–3942 / 40–4345 / 43–4645 / 43–4645 / 43–4644 / 42–4440 / 39–4234 / 33–3728 / 27–3025 / 24–28
RH %64 / 61–6764 / 61–6765 / 62–6765 / 62–6865 / 62–6766 / 62–6867 / 63–6967 / 63–6967 / 63–6967 / 62–6966 / 62–6965 / 62–68
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 7 grid cells holding the 9 in-range records, with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 1378:463 (21.075, -156.825). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 16.9 °C, 1st-percentile night 18.5 °C, 99th-percentile day 27.7 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 7 distinct grid cells holding 9 of the 9 in-range records; extremes and elevation at the typical cell 1378:463 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 21.00_-156.875, lapse-corrected +219 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 296 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeHawaii · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker22.2, -159.6 · in the densest population, 75 records (82% of those in range)
Kew's description“tree” · “wet tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 91 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 9 of them placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 23 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 37 km away. 1 record outside the WCVP native range not used. Under a dozen records behind the climate. 82 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population of the 91 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Hibiscus kokio, photograph 1did not loadHibiscus kokio, photograph 2did not loadHibiscus kokio, photograph 3did not loadHibiscus kokio, photograph 4did not loadHibiscus kokio, photograph 5did not loadHibiscus kokio, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: (c) Brynn Fricke, some rights reserved (CC BY) (3); (c) Duban Espinoza, some rights reserved (CC BY) (2); (c) Norma Malinowski, some rights reserved (CC BY).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Rauvolfia sandwicensis Rauvolfia sandwicensis Devil's-pepper Photo: CC BY, Brynn FrickeArtemisia australis Artemisia australis Oahu wormwood Photo: CC BY, Kevin FaccendaAsplenium kaulfussii Asplenium kaulfussii Kaulfuss' spleenwort Photo: CC BY, Kevin FaccendaEuphorbia celastroides Euphorbia celastroides 'Ekoko Photo: CC0, author not statedOsteomeles anthyllidifolia Osteomeles anthyllidifolia Hawai'i hawthorn Photo: CC BY, Robin WhiteChenopodium oahuense Chenopodium oahuense Hawaiian Goosefoot Photo: CC BY, Neal Kelso

Other Hibiscus 54 in the reference

Hibiscus acetosella Hibiscus acetosella Malvaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, ZuinHibiscus aethiopicus Hibiscus aethiopicus Cape Hibiscus Photo: CC BY, Martjie Fia Fourie Hibiscus aridicola Malvaceae Hibiscus arnottianus Hibiscus arnottianus White Molokai Hibiscus Photo: CC0, author not statedHibiscus biseptus Hibiscus biseptus Arizona rose-mallow Photo: CC BY, Jose Luis Leon de la LuzHibiscus boryanus Hibiscus boryanus Malvaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Planete TerreHibiscus calyphyllus Hibiscus calyphyllus Lemonyellow rosemallow Photo: CC0, author not statedHibiscus clayi Hibiscus clayi Clay's hibiscus Photo: CC0, author not statedHibiscus coccineus Hibiscus coccineus Scarlet rose-mallow Photo: CC0, author not statedHibiscus columnaris Hibiscus columnaris Malvaceae Photo: CC BY-SA, Claude Marodon Hibiscus cooperi Malvaceae Hibiscus coulteri Hibiscus coulteri Desert rose-mallow Photo: CC BY, Ulises Pinedo all 55 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Hibiscus kokio var. pukoonis. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataiNaturalist

The record

Family
Malvaceae
Described by
Hillebr. ex Wawra
Native to
Hawaii
Wild records
91 in range · 23 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 3 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (3 at a botanic garden or arboretum; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell 21.00_-156.875, lapse-corrected +219 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22
Wikipedia wikipedia nothing to reportasked 2026-10-22Wikipedia redirects Hibiscus kokio to Hawaiian hibiscus
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22none of the photographs on this page is credited to GBIF: those shown are other sources', and GBIF's were the same photographs or were set aside by the photograph rules
Wikimedia Commons commons answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 9 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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