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Sporobolus virginicus; photograph (c) 胡正恆(Jackson Hu), some rights reserved (CC BY) CC BY(c) 胡正恆(Jackson Hu), some rights reserved (CC BY) · observed growing wild · 2026-07-22

Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth

Seashore dropseed; Beach dropseed; Jatopa; Marine couch

Poaceae · Western Sahara, Cape Verde +133

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Sporobolus virginicus, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedSporobolus virginicus, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedSporobolus virginicus, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedSporobolus virginicus, photograph author not stated, no rights reservedSporobolus virginicus, photograph (c) 胡正恆(Jackson Hu), some rights reserved (CC BY)Sporobolus virginicus, photograph (c) 胡正恆(Jackson Hu), some rights reserved (CC BY) 73 photographs ›
Habitat figures
Cold floor (1 night in 100)
5.4°C
Record low 2.4 °C in 44 years, at a typical spot in the range NASA POWER
Warmest month, mean daily high
26°C
Jan and Feb at the habitat CHELSA
Rain a year (median across the range)
904mm
12 months of 25 mm or more in the median year CHELSA
Open-sky light
20–43DLI
Lowest to highest month (DLI) CHELSA
The year in your months, northern hemisphere
  1. Jan
  2. Feb
  3. Mar
  4. Apr
  5. May
  6. Jun
  7. Jul
  8. Aug
  9. Sep
  10. Oct
  11. Nov
  12. Dec
Rain spread: 70% of the median year's rain takes 9 months, so no short rainy season. rain rule, CHELSA
Northern hemisphere unless you set your site. The chart is in the habitat's months.

Summary

Sporobolus virginicus, known by numerous common names including seashore dropseed, marine couch, sand couch, salt couch grass, saltwater couch, coastal rat-tail grass, and nioaka, is a species of grass with a wide distribution.

Quoted from Wikipedia, "Sporobolus virginicus", CC BY-SA 4.0.

Cultivation

Seasons

The rain rule reads no short rainy season: 70% of the median year's rain (584 mm of 755 mm) takes 9 months, November to March and May to August. Mean temperature moves 7.6 °C between the warmest and coldest month. Months are the habitat's, southern hemisphere; shifted six months for a northern-hemisphere collection: November to February and May to September.

Rain

755 mm in the median year at the habitat, 584 mm of it November to March and May to August. Wettest month June at 72 mm, driest month September at 55 mm. Across the grid cells of the range the year's total runs 304 mm to 1,587 mm, the 10th to 90th percentile of each cell's own year. The median of the cells' own yearly totals, 904 mm, is the year's rain at the top of the page; the 755 mm here is the median year's, the twelve monthly medians added, which the rain rule reads. Habitat calendar, southern hemisphere; median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA.

Light

Open sky over the habitat: 20 to 43 mol/m²/day across the year (daily light integral, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA; the lowest 10th-percentile month across the cells is 12, the highest 90th-percentile month 51).

Warmth and air
Temperature

Coldest: the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range is 5.4 °C, the absolute minimum 2.4 °C, no frost in 44 years (NASA POWER daily minima). Warmest: the 99th-percentile day is 37.8 °C. Monthly means: the coldest month's mean nightly low 12.0 °C in July (across the grid cells of the range 6.7 °C to 25.6 °C), the warmest month's mean daily high 25.5 °C in January and February (median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). Cold floor: 5.4 °C, which is the 1st-percentile night over 44 years at a typical spot in the range (NASA POWER).

Humidity

Relative humidity at the habitat: 58 to 61% across the year (monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range, CHELSA). A figure about the air, saying nothing about how the plant takes water.

How this section is made

Each card states this species' habitat figures with their sources, and what two fixed rules read from them; nothing here says what the plant does, wants or tolerates. The rules · the terms.

Seasons. Read from the median year of CHELSA monthly rainfall and mean temperature across the grid cells of the range: the rain rule takes the smallest set of months carrying 70% of the rain and calls it winter when its mean is more than half a degree below the year's, summer when more than that above, and neither in between; the temperature rule, used only under 120 mm, names the cooler six months when they are at least a degree cooler than the other six. Months are shifted for the other hemisphere only where the temperature curve moves 4 °C or more and the habitat lies 10° or more from the equator. A reading of the curves, not an observation of the plant.

Rain. CHELSA monthly precipitation, median year across the grid cells of the range. The rain that falls where the species is recorded; nothing about how the plant takes water.

Light. CHELSA shortwave radiation at each envelope cell, a daily-mean flux taken to a daily total and converted at 2.07 mol of PAR per MJ. The sky over the habitat, measured; what reaches a plant under a rock, a shrub or a shade cloth is not.

Temperature. NASA POWER daily minima and maxima over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, lapse-corrected -109 m to its elevation; CHELSA monthly means, median year across the grid cells of the range. The cold floor is the 1st-percentile night named in its sentence. Not a measured survival limit for any plant in a pot.

Humidity. CHELSA relative humidity, median year across the grid cells of the range.

Climate across the habitat

Habitat months, southern hemisphere

Habitat climate of Sporobolus virginicus through the yearWarmest months January and February, mean daily high 26 °C; coldest month July, mean nightly low 12.0 °C; 755 mm of rain in the median year (the twelve monthly medians added). Medians across the range, from CHELSA; the extremes at the edge from NASA POWER. Habitat months, southern hemisphere.0°10°20°30°40°37.8° 99th-percentile day, NASA POWER2.4° lowest night in 44 years, NASA POWER°C · day and nightcold quarter050100150200250300mm rainDLI 20–43RH 58–61%JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
day night rain medians and 10th–90th percentile across 776 habitat cells, CHELSA cold quarter: the three months around the coldest month's mean nightly low extremes over 44 years at a typical spot in the range, from NASA POWER, marked at the edge, in no month DLI, mol/m²/dayRH %each on its own scale
Figures by month
JanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDec
Day °C26 / 20–3126 / 21–3124 / 21–3123 / 19–3021 / 16–3019 / 14–2918 / 13–3019 / 14–3021 / 15–3023 / 17–3024 / 19–3225 / 20–32
Night °C20 / 14–2620 / 15–2519 / 15–2517 / 13–2515 / 10–2413 / 8–2512 / 7–2612 / 8–2614 / 9–2516 / 11–2518 / 13–2519 / 13–26
Rain mm65 / 16–25761 / 15–25165 / 15–21060 / 16–15063 / 12–13272 / 8–15366 / 9–14461 / 5–13255 / 7–15256 / 14–10762 / 14–12869 / 18–175
DLI42 / 26–5137 / 30–4634 / 31–4127 / 23–4122 / 15–4220 / 12–4121 / 14–4127 / 19–4032 / 27–4137 / 31–4542 / 27–4943 / 24–50
RH %61 / 52–6461 / 52–6560 / 53–6460 / 53–6459 / 52–6459 / 53–6558 / 52–6558 / 52–6558 / 53–6459 / 53–6360 / 53–6360 / 53–63
How this section is made
Each figure is the median across the 776 grid cells on land that hold in-range records (1127 records in those cells; 74 more cells hold records but no land by the elevation layer, so those records sit at sea and the cells are left out), with the 10th–90th percentile span across those cells after the slash where it differs. A dash is a month one or more of those cells has no figure for in the grid (a variable CHELSA does not carry there), so no median is taken rather than one over fewer cells. Extremes and elevation were read at a typical spot in the range, cell 2454:6643 (-32.725, 152.175). Over 44 years there: absolute minimum 2.4 °C, 1st-percentile night 5.4 °C, 99th-percentile day 37.8 °C. Normals: CHELSA V2.1 1981–2010 climatology, 0.05° cells (each the mean of ~36 1 km pixels). Across the range: median and 10th–90th percentile of each month across the 776 distinct grid cells holding 1127 of the 1216 in-range records (74 further cells with records at sea, by the elevation layer, left out); extremes and elevation at the typical cell 2454:6643 (its coldest month's mean nightly low nearest the median across cells); its position is the cell centre. Extremes: NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -32.50_151.875, lapse-corrected -109 m at 6.5 °C/km. Elevation: ETOPO 2022, 17 m (cell mean).

Natural habitat

Native range as published by WCVP; the marker is where the records are densest and decides nothing: the climate was read across the cells of the in-range records placed well enough to read one, not at the marker.
Openly licensed records inside the range, framed on where they fall.
NativeWestern Sahara, Cape Verde, Benin, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Guinea, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Mauritania, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo, Congo, Gabon, Gulf of Guinea Is., Zaïre, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania, Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Cape Provinces, Namibia, KwaZulu-Natal, Northern Provinces, Aldabra, Chagos Archipelago, Comoros, Mauritius, Mozambique Channel Is., Madagascar, Rodrigues, Seychelles, Cyprus, East Aegean Is., Iran, Lebanon-Syria, Turkey, Oman, Yemen, Hainan, China Southeast, Japan, Nansei-shoto, Ogasawara-shoto, Taiwan, Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya, Andaman Is., Cambodia, Myanmar, South China Sea, Thailand, Vietnam, Jawa, Lesser Sunda Is., Malaya, Maluku, Philippines, Sulawesi, Sumatera, Christmas I., New Guinea, Norfolk Is., New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania, Victoria, Western Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Marquesas, Caroline Is., Marianas, Marshall Is., Hawaii, Texas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Gulf, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Mexico Southeast, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Aruba, Bahamas, Bermuda, Cayman Is., Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Leeward Is. AB Ant, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Southwest Caribbean, Turks-Caicos Is., Trinidad-Tobago, Venezuelan Antilles, Windward Is., French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Galápagos, Peru, Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil North, Brazil South, Chile North · regions are the level-3 units of the World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, as Kew's World Checklist records ranges, some under historical names such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia (how).
Map marker-33.8, 151.251 · in the densest population, 389 records (23% of those in range)
Kew's description“perennial or rhizomatous geophyte” · “seasonally dry tropical” · quoted from WCVP, RBG Kew (CC BY 4.0); not derived here
Evidence usedThe map marker rests on all 1662 georeferenced records inside the native range; the climate across the range on the 1127 of them in the land cells it reads, of 1216 placed to within 10 km; the map shows only the 1407 openly licensed ones, which alone would put the marker 16 km away. 72 records outside the WCVP native range not used. 446 in-range records are placed to worse than 10 km, or with no stated accuracy (admitted only as a person's observation to three decimals), and stay on the map but off the climate.
How this section is made
The map marker: the openly licensed record nearest the middle of the densest 1° population inside the densest 4° block of the 1662 in-range records; it decides nothing. Records outside the native range, living specimens and records marked introduced are not used; which records count.

Photographs

Sporobolus virginicus, photograph 1did not loadSporobolus virginicus, photograph 2did not loadSporobolus virginicus, photograph 3did not loadSporobolus virginicus, photograph 4did not loadSporobolus virginicus, photograph 5did not loadSporobolus virginicus, photograph 6did not load

Photographs: author not stated, no rights reserved · CC0 (4); (c) 胡正恆(Jackson Hu), some rights reserved (CC BY) (2).

Similar habitat climate The 6 nearest by mean daily high, mean nightly low and rain, month by month. How.

Felicia erigeroides Felicia erigeroides Michaelmas Felicia Photo: CC BY, Andreas De BeerBulbine asphodeloides Bulbine asphodeloides Copaiba Photo: CC BY, Justin PonderEkebergia capensis Ekebergia capensis Cape-ash Photo: CC BY, Henry de LangeLaportea grossa Laportea grossa Spotted Nettle Photo: CC0, author not statedPlectranthus strigosus Plectranthus strigosus Dwarf Spurflower Photo: CC BY, Henry de LangeRhoicissus digitata Rhoicissus digitata Veld Grape Photo: CC BY, Karen Eichholz

Other Sporobolus 21 in the reference

Sporobolus africanus Sporobolus africanus African Dropseed Photo: CC BY, Tia McNichollSporobolus airoides Sporobolus airoides Alkali sacaton Photo: CC BY, Parker James LloydSporobolus alterniflorus Sporobolus alterniflorus Smooth Cord-grass Photo: CC BY, Shelby Lyn SandersSporobolus anglicus Sporobolus anglicus English cordgrass Photo: CC BY, Matthew FloodSporobolus bakeri Sporobolus bakeri Sand Cordgrass Photo: CC BY, Pam KleinsasserSporobolus compositus Sporobolus compositus Rough dropseed Photo: CC0, John KeesSporobolus cryptandrus Sporobolus cryptandrus Sand dropseed Photo: CC0, author not statedSporobolus cynosuroides Sporobolus cynosuroides Big Cordgrass Photo: CC BY, Tom FieldSporobolus foliosus Sporobolus foliosus California Cord Grass Photo: CC BY, dorianSporobolus heterolepis Sporobolus heterolepis Prairie dropseed Photo: CC0, author not statedSporobolus indicus Sporobolus indicus Smut grass Photo: CC0, author not statedSporobolus junceus Sporobolus junceus Lizard Grass Photo: CC BY, Athena Philips all 22 ›

Names & registers

Also known as Agrostis affinis; Agrostis barbata; Agrostis congener; Agrostis distichophylla; Agrostis dura and 47 more. (GBIF Backbone)

GBIFPOWOIPNIWFOWikidataWikipediaiNaturalist

The record

Family
Poaceae
Described by
(L.) Kunth
Native to
Western Sahara, Cape Verde, Benin +132
Wild records
1662 in range · 1407 open

Every figure here is derived from public data by a stated rule and names its source; nothing about this species is written for its page by a person or by AI, apart from the marked, credited quotations. How →

Where this page came from built 2026-10-22
GBIF species record gbif.species answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF synonyms gbif.synonyms answeredasked 2026-10-22
GBIF common names gbif.vernacular answeredasked 2026-10-22names fetched 2026-10-22
WCVP native range wcvp.distribution answeredas of 2026-06-04
GBIF occurrence records gbif.occurrences answeredas of 2026-10-21GBIF occurrence download https://doi.org/10.15468/dl.hbdw64, of 2026-10-21; 17 records within 1 km of a botanic garden, herbarium or zoo left out (11 at a botanic garden or arboretum, 1 at a herbarium, 5 at a zoo; Wikidata's list)
Habitat climate climate answeredasked 2026-10-22
Daily extremes (NASA POWER) climate.extremes answeredasked 2026-10-22NASA POWER (MERRA-2) daily 1981–2024, cell -32.50_151.875, lapse-corrected -109 m at 6.5 °C/km
Wikidata wikidata answeredasked 2026-10-22IPNI and POWO linked by Kew's number for Sporobolus virginicus (L.) Kunth (the item's: IPNI 1198238-2, POWO 423010-1)
Wikipedia wikipedia answeredasked 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, wild inat.photos.wild answeredasked 2026-10-22from iNaturalist's open data of 2026-09-27: research-grade observations with an open-licence photograph, the 24 whose photographs iNaturalist received last (the open data holds no votes); filled 2026-10-22
iNaturalist photographs, cultivated inat.photos.cultivated not asked
GBIF media gbif.media answeredasked 2026-10-22
OpenAlex papers openalex not askednot yet asked for this reference; a later fill takes the papers from OpenAlex's snapshot

Every source is recorded as having answered, reported nothing, refused, failed, not been asked, or answered twice where one answer is taken (“not taken: two items answered”), and, for a source asked when this page was built, when: the figures are as the source held them that day; a source read from a file (Kew's World Checklist, a GBIF download) says "as of" the file's day instead; a row carried from an earlier build of the page names that build instead. Only “nothing to report” is ever shown as an absence. Records came from 178 datasets via GBIF.org; each carries its own licence.

Cultifolio

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